Valentine and Stealing - By Carol Ann Duffy :: essays research papers

Valentine and stealth, By Carol-Ann DuffyFOR IDEAS ONLY, DO NOT COPYIn Valentine and Stealing, Carol-Ann Duffy uses an extended metaphor which helps the ref relate to what the poet is trying to get across, and to understand what the feelings are of the narrator. twain poems also focus on the thoughts and emotions of the speaker, both are structured as conversational pieces, meaning you could just use it to talk to someone, and could imagine the reactions of the person theyre talking to. Duffy also never reveals the sex or identity of either person.In Valentine she uses an onion to explain love, going from the idea that its really romantic, to how its lethal. Its a moon wrapped in brown paper for an example. Duffy was utilise a moon because its nearly always associated with romance in films and movies. The brown paper is the skin of the onion, meaning that shes being careful to call down all of the aspects of the onion, and the fact that its a gift, because, traditionally, you wr ap gifts up.In Stealing, Duffy uses a snowman to describe the raiders emotions, relating to how they are both cold inside.A mate/with a mind as cold as the slice of ice/within my own brain.The thief thinks that the snowman suits them, because the snowman reflects what he thinks about himself. It means that the thief feels numb an cold inside, that they cant feel anything, or think they cant as this is proven later on in the poem.Both the poems are conversations, though to different tidy sum. Valentine is to the speakers other half, who is anonymous to the reader. The Stealing guy seems to be talking to everyone he thinks will listen to him. Valentine and Stealing both have tones that change throughout the poem.For an example, Valentine starts out that love is happy, that it is great, and sounds like the first part of the poem should be read in a abstemious romantic tone, but reveals more about the poets feelings as we learn about he kinship, and how its possessive and faithful. Possessive is a word which makes the relationship sound like it traps Duffy, away from the world. Possessiveness is usually a bad thing in a relationship, as it means that either the man or the cleaning woman is too adamant about their other half talking or spending time with anyone else, when faithful is something most relationships long for, or make people happy with their lives because both in a are faithful.

The Gender Struggle in A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams E

After two world wars, the balance of power amidst the genders in America had completely shifted. Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire is a harsh, yet powerful find that exposes the reality of the gender struggle. Williams illustrates societys changing attitudes towards masculinity and femininity through his eloquent use of dramatic devices such as characterization, dialogue, setting, symbolism, and foreshadowing. Stanley, the protagonist, is a symbol for societys view of the stereotypical male. He is muscular, forceful, and dominant. Stanleys domination becomes so overwhelming that he demands absolute control. This view of the male as a large animal is revealed in the opening of the play where Stanley is described as bestial. His power and control throughout the play are foreshadowed in the opening stage directions. She cries out in protestHer husband and his henchman have already started back around the corner.Stanley does not take notice of his wifes concern, but inst ead continues on his original course, asserting his hold destiny, without any thought to the effect it may have on those around him. This taking blood at any cost to those around him is foreshadowed in prospect one, with the packet of met which he forces upon his wife. It is through actions such as these that Stanley asserts power, symbolic of the male dominance throughout patriarchal society. He also gains a s... ...iking play, Tennessee Williams poses a perplexity to society, as to whether or not these representations are accurate. Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold. Introduction. Tennessee Williams. Ed. Harold Bloom. unseasoned York Chelsea House, 1987. 1-8. Londre, Felicia Hardison. A Streetcar Running Fifty Years. The Cambridge Companion to Tennessee Williams. Ed. Matthew C. Roudane. New York Cambridge UP, 1997. 45-66. Nelson, Benjamin. Tennessee Williams The Man and His Work. New York Ivan Obolensky, 1961. Williams, Tennessee. Tennessee Williams Interviews Himself. Where I Live Selected Essays by Tennessee Williams. Ed. Christine Day and Bob Woods. New York New Directions, 1978. 88-92.

Essay --

North KoreaChinas North Korean Refugee DilemmaThe current put in of North Koreas economy and policy is what has led to the explosive migration of refugees to China and South Korea. The collapse of the Soviet Union as well as the termination of Kim Il Sung are two of the biggest factors leading to North Koreas downward spiral, and the rate of defection continues to increase. The leading reason for this great migration is the serious aliment crisis, dismal living conditions, labor exploitation, violation of human rights, and political persecution. North Koreans seek freedom, ironic admirer, in China, North Koreas biggest political ally and trading partner. As a fellow communist state sharing a border, China is well known for its hostility towards refugees. The country maintains the mindset that it has the incorrupt obligation to return all defectors back to where they came from, where they will most likely be forced to work in concentration camps or killed, along with their familie s. notwithstanding defectors who are successful have the difficulty of living with insecure legal status, and risk of deportat...

Plastic Pollution and the Effects on Human Health Essay -- Ecology

Where does all the plastic go. Every bit of plastic that has been created is whitewash here. This is because plastic is one-hundred percent non-biodegradable Even the most degraded plastic down to polymers cigarettenot be digested by bacteria (Laist, 1997). If global issues like starvation and climate channel are not enough to stress on, the weight of an issue literally churning in the peaceful Ocean is startling. For decades the majority of the worlds universe has not been properly educated on the nature of plastic and the potential harm it can do to our environment and our physical health. Due to factors of man and the inherent effects of nature, a major problem has developed that is now harming our food.Marine plastic is a visible sign of human impact on the ocean environment. Plastic debris is more than an aesthetic problem. It can potentially cause danger to marine organisms through ingestion and entanglement (Laist, 1997). Theres so much plastic out there that its starti ng to compete as a food source for many different organisms. Plastic finally breaks down into food size pieces and is mistaken for food by many organisms. They mistake the plastic particles for plankton. The public has a desire for certain types of fish which come out to have an accumulation of different toxins in their body. This happens when those larger fish species eat large amounts of smaller fish and other organisms that feed off the plankton-plastic mixture. Plastics are toxins can de-absorb out from the plastic and into the tissue and organs of the fish that are eating those smaller fish. The toxins move up the food chain becoming dangerously concentrated. Decades past the number of marine mammals that died each year due to ingestion and entanglement ap... ..., J., and M. Moran. 2009. Comparative day/night metatranscriptomic analysis of microbial communities in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. environsal Microbiology. 1-18.http//www.fao.org/focus/e/fisheries/consum. htmCorno, G., Karl, D., Church, M., Letelier, R., Lukas, R., Bidigare, R., and M. Abbott. 2007. Impact of climate forcing on ecosystem processes in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Journal of Geophysical Research. (112) 1-14. unify Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Chemicals Programme www.chem.unep.ch United States Department of State, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs http//www.state.gov/e/oes/Ritter L Solomon KR, Forget J, Stemeroff M, OLeary C.. Persistent organic pollutants. United Nations Environment Programme. http//www.chem.unep.ch/pops/ritter/en/ritteren.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-16.

Jerry Seinfeld :: essays research papers

Jerry SeinfieldSometimes a persons achievements can have an impact on an entire segment ofan industry. In the book Jerry Seinfeld by Josh Levine this theory stands true.Jerry Seinfelds brilliant comedy has had a tremendous impact on this segment ofthe recreation industry. His clean comedy and detailed tactics have set aprecedent for comedians to come.Jerry Seinfeld was voted the Americas Best Male Comedian Club Performerin 1988 by a pole of night club regulars, even thought by then he had alreadymoved up to the large concert halls and amphitheaters for about of hisperformances. Jerry used a form of comedy that no one had ever seen before. Hewas titled the clean comedian because he didnt to use profanity to stigma peoplelaugh. Jerry said in one of his interviews, My jokes are about clean subjects,and theyre very thought out. Most comedians who use a lot of profanity- theyre use it for fast punchlines... I can put a joke together well enough that Idont need dirty words.Jerry has a role pretense for kids and comedians to follow. He started anew genre in comedy. Heres an example of Jerrys humor Dogs are broke alltheir lives. You know why they have no cash? No pockets. They see change onthe street -theres nothing they can do about it. You go to the store to buyGrape Nuts. No grapes, no nuts. Whats the story there.. If hes the bestman why is the bride marrying the groom? Jerry has not only contributed tohis fellow comedians and the comedians to comes. He has made a difference inmany peoples lives. For example, on Thursday night almost every one I knowsnuggles up in front of there television to watch Seinfeld, a sitcom staringJerry Seinfeld. The next day you can hear them using dialogue from the show andlaughing amongst themselves. It is as it his dialogue and situations he createsare being reenacted by everyone I knowJerry Seinfelds contribution is a great one.

Water Imagery in the Works of Eudora Welty, Teresa de la Parra, Kate Ch

Water Imagery in the Works of Eudora Welty, Teresa de la Parra, Kate Chopin, and manglea Luisa Bombal The pouring- conquer rain, the pouring down rain was that what she was saying over and over, like a song?. Eudora Welty, A Piece of intelligence operation Usually I prefer to stay at the family because there the river holds a serene and mysterious charm for me. (Por regla general yo prefiero quedarme en la toma, porque es alla en donde el rio tiene para mi aquel encanto sereno y misterioso). Teresa de la Parra, Iphigenia (The Diary of a Young Lady Who Wrote Because She Was Bored) (Ifigenia (Diario de una seorita que se escrib porque se fastidiaba)) The voice of the sea speaks to the soul. Kate Chopin, The Awakening And like this, naked and golden, I descend into the water (Y asi, desnuda y dorada, me sumerjo en el estanque). Mara Luisa Bombal, The Final Mist (La ltima niebla) Water imagery occurs repeatedly in the works of Eudora Welty, Teresa de la Parra, Kate Chopin, and Ma ra Luisa Bombal suggesting that it is intimately connected with the inner worlds of the female protagonists in these stories. The storm dramatizes Rubys death fantasy in A Piece of News by Eudora Welty. The river provides a place for Mara Eugenia to express herself in Iphigenia (The Diary of a Young Lady Who Wrote Because She Was Bored) (Ifigenia (Diario de una senorita que se escribo porque se fastidiaba)) by Teresa de la Parra. The sea elicits Ednas deepest desires in The Awakening by Kate Chopin, and the mist triumphs over the nameless narrators attempt to escape death in The Final Mist (La ltima niebla) by Mara Luisa Bombal. According to Carl Gustav Jung, water is the commonest symbol for the unco... ...h. Furthermore, Jungs explanation of water as carnality heavy with sexual love is linked with life, or the conception of children. However passion is also linked with death, because extreme passion is traditionally linked with sinfulness, which leads us to death rather than t o unceasing life in the Christian tradition (Archetypes 19). Jung also writes of the longing to attain rebirth through the return to the stupefys womb and the idea that the mothers womb is described using water imagery (207). Water thus links death, passion, birth, and life. But for the protagonists in these stories, these forces are somewhat out of sync. Failures of individuation, and the apogee of transformational journeys which lead to madness, resignation, and death point to an inability of the characters to reconcile their wants and needs with their actual lives.

A Royal Salute to the Commonwealth

A royal honor to the body politic The article A royal salute to the democracy is written by peter Osbourne, a British journalist and a political commentator. It reflects on the role of estate as creation a better applicable organisation for England than NATO and the European Union in this modern and developing orbit, which promotes internationality and independence rather than superiority of one dominating country. Peter Osbournes views farming as an organisation, which has been underestimated for its possibilities over the years.This is reflected from following quote For many years it has been automatic in progressive circles to sneer at the Commonwealth as a meaningless relic of our imperial past. line 20 page 6. He holds the opinion that New Labours visions have been blurred by their fascination of the United States and the European Union. His disapproval of Gordon Brown and Tony Blairs opinion is clearly presented in following quote ()it is Tony Blair and Gordon Browns p oodle-like relationship with the United States, and the former slavish worship of the European Union, that now looks out of date( ) line 28-30 page 7.From the quote above he presents the leader figures of the Labour party as cosmos very unprofessional. Also he emphasizes that Commonwealth has a better pragmatic stand than organisations such as NATO and the European Union by contrasting the advantages of Commonwealth with the flaws of NATO and EU. On a practical base Commonwealth is cheaper to run, whereas the cost of membership in EU is incomparably high. A nonher positive factor about Commonwealth is that about 2 one million million people, more than half of these being under the age of 25, live in Commonwealth countries.This also allows a great diversity to be represented, now that the Commonwealth countries are to be found in every continent of the world. Although Peter Osbourne does recognize that Commonwealths administration is not as powerful as the European Union, he is able to argue why this also could be an advantageous factor in the present world. Subjectively, he highlights the down going tendency of the world being organized and ruled by one or two dominating superpowers. Here he refers to the United States and the European Union.He believes that a modern stand of world organisation implies more equality and independence divided internationally, and thinks that having an alfa-country to be in charge is an out-dated structure to work after. Peter Osbourne also writes about which ways the Commonwealth acts in contrast to the neo-Conservatives. They both work to enlarge the significance of values such as democracy and humanity in the society, scarcely Osbourne believes that they tackle the promotion of the values differently. It is interesting to look at the lyric, he uses in the following quote.It tells a lot about how he feels that Commonwealth stands out in a positive way But unlike the neo-Conservatives, it (Commonwealth, edited) does not try to promote these values through invasion. It uses quiet diplomacy and gentle pressure. line 46-47 page 7. at that place is no doubt that throughout the entire article Peter Osbourne presents Commonwealth subjectively for its advantage. The quote above in particular shows, how he uses emotional words such as gentle and quiet to convince the reader of the numerous benefits of Commonwealth.To describe the political leaders of Britain over the past decades he uses the words at loggerheads and blind (see line 76 page 8). He criticizes them for leading Britain in the wrong direction by accepting the membership of the European Union. He feels that this has been a loss for England, because it opposes the acknowledgement of the great values of what Commonwealth implies. Another way he is able to promote Commonwealth is to put down other organisations exchangeable to it. This makes Commonwealth stand out as a superior alternative to the other organizations.To begin with Peter Osbourne wants to touch the reader by presenting the scene when the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge call back Canada in order to participate in Canadas National War Memorial. This extract also shows his subjective use of words to advertise for the benefit of Commonwealth a visit to Canadas National War Memorial was a poignant reminder that Canadian troops had served alongside the British in the two great world wars of the last century. line 4-6 page 6.It can be interpreted as if Peter Osbourne wants the reader to feel that the Royal family, the representing faces of Commonwealth, wants to show their sagacity and acknowledgement for Canadas help in the wars. This gives the reader an impression of the Royal family for being respectful, down to earth and humane. The only concern Peter Osbourne has about Commonwealth is what its future would hold when the Queens is no more. He hopes that the Duke and Duchess will walk in the Queens footsteps, as she traditionally is the face outwardly.She symb olizes Commonwealths unity between the former countries, which used to be under the British Empire. At this point Peter Osbourne reflects on developing the Commonwealth organisation, so the headquarter no longer is bound to being based in London. Apart from practical reasons, Peter Osbourne also writes about how this will eliminate the possibility of accusations of Britain trying to relive their imperious role, they had earlier. Osbourne suggests India as the tender base because of its endless opportunities and great potential.Peter Osbourne sees The United States as Englands enemy, which can be interpreted from following quote They are guaranteed a warm reception, but for the wrong reasons. They will be feted as celebrities, not welcomed as members of a family of nations with which we have common values) line 96-98 page 8. There is no doubt, that from Peter Osbournes eyeshot a bright future for England would be based on a radical promotion of Commonwealth, a progress of its power and last but not least an out phasing of the influence of the United States and the European Union.

Fight Club’s Cult: Manipulation and Thought Reform

Andrew Epstein Professor Powell English 1A 315 TR 18 February 2010 Fight Clubs Cult Manipulation & model Reform Dr. Marg bet Thaler Singer asks the question, How many more J geniusstowns and Wacos will have to occur before we realize how vulner adequate tout ensemble military some onenel argon to deflect? (3) With this, Singer a clinical therapist who specialized in brainwashing and coercive persuasion, considered a giant in the field of furor behavior brings the normallytaboo topic of madnesss in our society to the forefront of discussion.People must be informed and understand what a cult is, and how cults use notion-reform as a means to manipulate and attend the masses. If people are left uneducated, senseless processs of self-importance and social destruction will continue to be carried out by chase of proclaimed prophets. Shoko Asaharas cult_ _Aum Shinrikyo, which translates to teaching of the supreme truth (Wessinger 121), an organized and violent group, has correla ting correspondingities to Tyler Durdens following.Chuck Palahniuks Fight Club_ _is a book intimately a man that wee-wees a following in the form of a modern day cult, in which he uses its members to carry out acts of social terrorism, personnel, and self-destruction by means of manipulation and thought reform. In order to understand cult behavior in Fight Club, unitary needs to understand the characteristics of a cult and how they are defined. Cults are not a unique species of human group they are the endpoints on a continuum (Andres 1-7). A common misconception of cults is all cults are religious. Although many are, religious beliefs alone do not dictate the qualification of what a cult is.Singer describes that cultic bloods better define the parameters of what qualifies a cult, and that a cult can usually be identified by three factors despite its belief system (7). Of those factors, Origin of the group and roles of the leader, insists that most of the prison term there is one person in charge and in control of the decision making process for the cult and its members (Singer 8). Although cults range from a wide variety of categories and beliefs, cult leaders usually have uniform characteristics Cult leaders are self-appointed, persuasive persons who claim to have a special mission in life or to have special knowledge.Cult leaders tend to be determined and domineering and are often described as charismatic. Cult leaders concentrate veneration on themselves (Singer 8). Tyler was a party of one who had the charisma and ideology that appealed to the impressionable minds of people looking for something more. The followers of Fight Club looked at Tyler and see everything they wanted but could not be themselves. I love everything about Tyler Durden, his courage and his smarts. His nerve. Tyler is funny and charming and forceful and independent, and men look up to him and seem him to change their world.Tyler is capable and free, and I am not (174). Tyler Durden is a leader, he has the ability to shape the minds of his followers through his power of persuasion. Whether it be the Fight Club, scheme Mayhem, or one of run across Mayhems subdivisions, Tylers members abided by core out beliefs and rules given by himself, and were eager to progress in Tylers self destructive behavior. Tyler believed that in order to gain enlightenment, to know who we really are, First you must hit bottom (76). Tylers followers want to be him, to think, and act as he acts.There was no questioning Tylers logic, his followers followed. The structure or relationship between leader and followers, states that Cults are oppressive in structure. Cults appear to be innovative and exclusive. Cults tend to have a double plenty of ethics (Singer 9). Even though a leader may appoint people to act in higher positions of authority to guide other members, the leaders authority supersedes all. The cult leader get throughers its members something unique, something th at can alone be found through membership, and that in becoming one of the following makes that person special (Singer 9).It is normal that there are a strict set of rules, or a code of conduct between members that is not held to non-members. Whereas deceiving an outsider is completely acceptable, doing the same to a fellow member would not (Singer 9). The defining relationship of Tyler Durden in Fight Club is, without a doubt,leader to his followers. Tyler doesnt refer to himself as a prophet or god however, he does interpret with accuracy how his followers perceive him. Tonight, I go to the Armory Bar and the crowds part zipper style when I walk in.To everybody there, I am Tyler Durden the Great and Powerful. God and tyro (199). In order to still the development of Fight Clubs and Project Mayhem, Tyler appointed chapter leaders to instill the rules and beliefs he created. The chapter leaders obediently did as they were taught to do because in Fight Club, You dont ask questions, and you have to trust Tyler (122,125). Interfere with Tylers destructions, and Tyler will kill or castrate the opposition. The coordinated program of persuasion, is the all-important(a) factor in the definition of cults (Singer 10). Cults tend to be totalistic, or all-encompassing, in controlling their members behavior and also ideologically totalistic, exhibiting zealotry and extremism in the worldview. Cults tend to acquire members to undergo a major disruption or change in life-style (Singer 10). Cults may start similar to what could be compared to a part while job, in which a member or in our example, an employee takes part in an activity or event for some sort of end result, whether it be self satisfaction or in the case of an employee, money.At some point the goal of the cult is to have its members completely invested, or a full time employee. This includes a life that can be compared to military lifestyle, in which members are often dehumanized, told when to eat, drink, s leep, and what to wear. This often results in abandoning their non-cult life completely in order to further become immersed in the groups major purpose (Singer 10). Fight Clubs members transition from part time to full time, consisted of belonging to Project Mayhem or one of its several subdivisions.Tylers mission was to free the people from whom he thought were slaves to society. Tyler wanted to change the world, destroy the old and create a unexampled world of a more basic need. Its Project Mayhem thats going to save the world. A cultural ice age. A untimely induced dark age. Project Mayhem will force humanity to go dormant or into remission long enough for the Earth to recover. This was the goal of Project Mayhem, Tyler said, the complete and right away destruction of civilization (125).Project Mayhems group dubbed space monkeys (12) was stripped of all possessions except that which was required by Tyler. Dehumanized and stripped of their previous life identities the space mon keys goal was to serve Tyler and membership required giving total control to the cause. Only in death will we have our own names since only in death are we no longer part of the effort. In death we become heroes (178). Fight Clubs members were manipulated to the point of partaking in acts of abandon for recognition, and finding death for the cause to be heroic. Tylers control of his members is imperative and unquestioned.To begin understanding the complete and total control cults tend to have over its members, one must understand the thought-reform process. Brainwashing is the technique used by cults to strip its members of their freewill and carry out the cult leaders ideals that define his or her cult. This includes, but are not limited to, organized acts of violence including social terrorism, murder, and self destruction (Singer 82). The word brainwashing, or thought reform, was birthed in the 1950s during the Korean War when captive United States troops returned home appeara nce to be converted Communists (Taylor 3).Even when free from captivity and having no contact with any Communist interaction, theses soldiers denounced loyalty to their own country, and praised of the Communist way of life. Edward Hunter, CIA operative who investigated the debate behind the apparent odd behaviors for returning troops, was the first to publicly christened the term brainwashing said, The intent is to change a mind radically so that its proprietor becomes a living puppeta human robotwithout the atrocity cosmos visible from the outside.The aim is to create a mechanism in material body and blood, with new beliefs and new thought processes inserted into a captive body. What that amounts to is the search for a slave race that, unlike the slaves of olden times, can be trusted neer to revolt, always be amenable to orders, like an insect to its instinct (Taylor 3). While technological advances and modernization of growing societies have changed the way thought reform is u se, the core foundation and overall goal still has the same purpose of control.Harmful effects on cult members thought processes tend to come from the techniques of control implemented from within the cult. Utilization of these techniques is used to socialize members into the cultural environment of the cult can produce feelings of guilt, dependency, low self-esteem, worthlessness, anxiety and hopelessness in vulnerable souls (Walsh). Robert Lifton was one of the early psychologists to study brainwashing and mind control. He called the method used thought reform_ _(Walsh). He identified eight processes used to alter the minds of subjects.While all of the processes have some direct content relating to Fight Club, there are three that fit best. Lifton describes milieu control, as control of human communication(Walsh). This is how the individual communicates with the outside world and how the outside world communicates to the individual, meaning like Tylers space monkeys, who practi ces and recited Tylers rhetoric, these individuals are cut off from worldly means of communication, entertainment, and normal social interaction because they are seen as corrupt. These individuals receive and transmit information through a filter of cult ideology.Lifton suggests, privy manipulation is the use of an extensive personal manipulation to provoke specific patterns of behavior in a seemingly spontaneous way, and that, they suggest that there is an installing of dependency by manipulative and exploitive techniques of persuasion and control (Walsh). This is best depicted in Fight Club by the way Tyler uses his charismatic personalities to influence his members that Fight Club is what they need in order be awakened from their boring lives of slavery in the corrupt consumerist world.Liftons Doctrine over person states, A situation in which the doctrine of the group shapes the reality of which the member must exist (Walsh). This makes their pre-cult lifestyle unappealing, and progresses their new identity based on the new ideology (Walsh). Tyler uses this idea in Fight Club to convince members that life outside of Fight Club is nothing more than a role being played to mask their true identity, eventually resulting in full recruitment in to one of Fight Clubs subdivisions, and abandonment of their previous lifestyle completely.These methods of thought reform are commonly found in cults who practice radical religious beliefs and/or acts of violence in the name of its cause. Aum Shinrikyo, or The Aum was a cult which began operations in Japan, tried to bring world change through techniques of guerrilla warfare (Walsh 119-128). The Aum became a legally registered religion in 1989 starting with approximately 4,000 members (Wessinger 130). By the mid-90s its membership had more than doubled at an estimated 10,000 members in Japan, and having expanded its reach including about 30,000 members in Russia (Wessinger 131).Aum Shinrikyo is an aggressive, highly orga nized, educated, extremely violent, and has the wealth to make serious impacts on society. Like Tylers Fight Club, Aum Shinrikyo offered an alternative to lifetime employment in unfulfilling work (Wessinger 131). Many of Aum Shinrikyos members hold positions of power, are highly educated, and have specialized skills. They include scientists, military personnel, police officers, and political officials that contribute to the organization (Wessinger 135).Tylers Fight Club is similar in eddy to Aum Shinrikyo, in that its members are well distributed throughout the societies in which it is established, giving the organization the power to infiltrate and execute acts of social terrorism. Shoko Asahara said, Aum is a mighty obstacle to the barbarous that rules this world (Wessinger 120). Similar to Tyler Durden, Shoko Asahara conducted the business of his following with violent measured attacks on society and anyone who was a threat to his organization or its ideals.Aum Shinrikyos viole nce began internally, beatings of members in order to become closer to clairvoyance expanded to attacks on enemies and society (Wessinger 123). Although different in beliefs, Aums pattern of progression follows a very similar structure to that of Fight Club. Similar to Fight Clubs subdivisions such as Project Mayhem, Aum Shinrikyo uses specialized members devoted to carrying out acts of violence towards enemies.Threats to hinder or expose any criminal aspects, or cult activities of both organizations were counteracted with acts of violence and brutality. Aum Shinrikyo assassinated defecting members, journalist, prosecutors, judges, and anyone else who opposed their endeavors (Wessinger 133). Extreme acts of violence in able to progress forward in cult behavior and goals is what directly link Aum Shirikyo and Fight Club together. In understanding the inner workings of cult behavior, it is homely to what Tylers following_ _is, what it does, and how it gains control of members.One can see how Fight Clubs cult behavior show uniform similarities to the characteristics that define a cult. In addition, understanding how a cult controls its members by means of manipulation and thought reform, in order to implement core beliefs, participate in acts of violence, and recruit members one can grasp how powerful the control cults can have over their members. In looking at Aum Shinrikyo, a violent and socially destructive organization, we are able to see the consistency between Shoko Asaharas and Tyler Durdens following.Chuck Palahniuks Fight Club depicts the story of a man who builds himself a clearly definable cult, in which he uses its members to carry out acts of social terrorism, violence, and self-destruction by means of manipulation and thought-reform. Works Cited Andres, Rachel, and James R. Lane. Cults & Consequences The determinate Handbook. Los Angeles Jewish Federation Council, 1988. Print Palahniuk, Chuck. Fight Club. New York Norton, 1996. Print. Singer, Marg aret Thaler. Cults in Our Midst The Hidden Menace in Our Everyday Lives.San Francisco Jossey-Bass, 1996. Print Taylor, Kathleen. Brainwashing The Science of Thought Control. Oxford Oxford University, Print. Walsh, Yvonne. Deconstructing Brainwashing Within Cults as an Aid to Counselling Psychologists Counselling Psychology Quarterly_ _June 2001 119-128. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 March 2010 Wessinger, Catherine. How the Millennium Comes Violently From Jonestown to Heavens Gate. New York Steven Bridges, 2000. Print. _ _

First to Fight

FIRST TO contradict BOOK REPORT PFC WALTERS 1. TITLE FIRST TO FIGHT 2. CBRN 1st Marine Division 3. AUTHOR Victor H. Krulak deputy sheriff General, USMC (Ret. ) 4. PUBLISHER U. S. Naval Institute 5. PUBLISHED 1984 6. PAGES 227 7. COST Base Library 8. SUBJECT firstborn to Fight is about Lieutenant General Victor H. Krulaks personal experiences in the Marine corps, and his ideas and opinions on how he views the Marine army corps. 9. OPINION I scene First to Fight was a good book that went into a lot of detail into what Lieutenant General Krulak was a part of in the Marine Corps throughout his career.I did like the way he pointed out how the Marine Corps has always stood up for the American mountains rights in a top way, without actually spelling it out. I also believe that forevery Marine needs to read this book because it shows how the Marines were almost absorbed and disbanded throughout history, and how close we were to non having a Marine Corps today. 10. INTRODUCTION The b ook First to Fight starts off with a letter from then commandant General Randolph McC. Pate to Lieutenant General Krulak asking why the U.S. needs a Marine Corps. He responded five days later by answering the question conversely by asking why the U. S. does not need a Marine Corps. And the truth is America does not really need a Marine Corps. But the quite a little want us to be here, not on all technical level but on a whole different level. The American people want it that way not on what we know what we are or what we know we can do, but what our country believes we are and believe what we can do. If that ever disappears, then so will the Marine Corps. 11.BODY First to Fight starts out with Lieutenant General Krulak asking Gunnery Sergeant Walter Holzworth how the Marine Corps came by its reputation as of the worlds greatest fighting formations. He answered by stating that they started right out telling everybody how great they were. Pretty soon they got to believing it themse lves. And they deem been busy ever since proving they were right. He then goes on to talk about the beginning of the Marine Corps back in 1775 and how the Marines were initially raiders against British Commerce. The Continental Marines actually disappeared after the Treaty of Paris in 1783.They were revived in 1794, and their position was solidified in law in 1798. The Marines were used as oceangoing police to help the Navy maintain discipline in its ships. Lady Luck has played a big role in keeping the Marines close to also, by Lieutenant Presley OBannon at Derna, Floyd Gibbons report of Belleau Wood, and by playing the photographer Joe Rosenthal on top of Mt. Suribachi at the precise moment five Marines and one(a) Corpsman raised the flag. there hold in been several big thinkers in the Marine Corps history that had the foresight to see what it would take to keep the Marine Corps alive in the future.The continuous struggle for a viable existence clearly fixed one of the dist inguishing characteristics of the Corps, a sensitive paranoia that has led to the Marines always repugn themselves to higher(prenominal) standards just to stay in the fight. The Marines have almost been disbanded several times throughout history. The Army has tried to disband or absorb us on more than one occasion. The Navy has tried to kick us off of their ships and hinder us from having any say so in any major military actions.Each time we have succeeded through congress and the American people to stay alive by showing we live, fight, and act to a higher standard than any of the other services. It is said the Marine Corps is the best in amphibious assault. In truth we were the first of the U. S. military to study it in depth. The Marines developed the Tentative Manual in 1934, which in 1935 was renamed the Manual for Naval Overseas Operations. It took seven months to write. This was a major part of the strategy for World contend II, and was crucial for the Pacific island hopping campaign.The Marines Corps has always struggled with the need for money, and one major example is outlined in Chapter Five and Chapter Six about how most of the philosophical system was made before the Marines even had enough boats that could actually storm a beach. By the end of 1941, the Navy finally decided that the Marines were right and adopted the Higgins boat and the LVT and the Pacific Campaign was finally possible. The United States Congress sees the Marines as very frugal. This is another point that has kept the Marines here throughout the last two nose candy years.They have been able to get into the Seminole War and the Mexican War because the Commandant told the President Marines would be cheaper to use than the Army. Under Commandant Lejeune the Marines actually returned money to the treasury at the end of the fiscal year. From uniform items to equipment, compared to the other branches, all have been cheaper or out modeled. Finally in 1954 the Department of Defense engaged in a massive standardization program. Contracting and Manufacturing were consolidated but the Supply Depot still sits where it always has as a testament to the frugality of Marines over generations. 2. LESSON The Marine Corps has been tested again and again about their very existence over the years. Each and every time the Marine Corps has stepped up to the test, and will continue to do so. The U. S. Congress has had to step in a few times to help the Marines, but they only do so because of our actions they have seen and the American people still want the Marine Corps alive. From the time a recruit steps on the yellow footprints all the way to a commissioned officer, all must strive to be better than they are, and continually raise the bar.If not the Marine Corps will cease to exist. If it was not for a small group of extremely dedicated Marines, the Marine Corps would already be a thing of history. 13. CONCLUSION In conclusion, I think this is a very motivated book. It go es through past events that made the Marine Corps what it is today. It is extremely detailed into what Lieutenant General Victor Krulak did and was a part of during his career. There is pride and purpose in it that show through his words what it means to be a United States Marine.

Goodbye Uncle Tom and Abortion

Toms treatment of black people back wherefore was cruel and only sad to see. The whites mistreated millions of slaves and in the process, theyre card was changed. That broken mentality from then affects the young black generation today because they believe that they ar not deserving anything. The African the Statesn generation of today is in extreme distress, they extinguish each former(a) more and more everyday with very little remorse.They kill each other because they dont value life and some Of them are too young to realize that to only did they take someones life, but they also destroyed their own. The carrying out rates of blacks in the United States are higher now than they were 25 years ago. More young black Americans die from homicide today in America than those of whites. More young black males are be imprisoned due to the rising violence in the black community leaving their women to raise the kids on their own. Black females have been affected more in a psychoanalyt ic and coloratura perspective because of how black women were treated in the past.In the movie, it showed women being raped and then tossed as if hey were just animals. The men in that film abused the women to the point where they believed that they were nothing more than just tools for men to get their pleasure and nothing more. The ones that werent killed terminate up having kids that only reminded them of the pain they had to endure which made them feel worse. The mentality that they are just tools for men to get pleasure ended up being passed down to black females today as well. Some of them only feel valued when they dress a certain type of way to obtain a guys attention and affection.The abortion rate for African Americans has one up drastically as well. More and more young black women are getting abortions because they dont unavoidableness to raise a child on their own. With the rise in black on black violence more black males are in lock up and the ones that arent in jail just walk out because theyre not ready to be fathers. The abortion rate in America is at an all measure high and most of the people getting abortions are young minorities because they feel they have no other option. Nothing is being done about these issues because the mentality of African Americans hasnt changed.They still suffer from the same broken mentality that their ancestors who were slaves suffered from. Black people wont be able to fix this problem until they admit that there is a problem, change their mentality, and learn to come together as a whole again. Black violence has gone up because more black people are against each other instead Of being for each other. In the movie, black people betrayed each other because they were not united and were killing each other today for the very same reason. The mind set of black people has to change in order for black on black violence to stop.

Frq Articles of Confederation Essay

The Articles of Confederation from 1781 to 1789 did not provide the United States with an effective form of government because of its capers in terms of domesticated policy, foreign policy, and economics. Domestic policy, or the set of decisions that a government makes relating to things that directly affect the people in its own country, was not adequate enough to dissolve strife between states. The Articles stated that state legislatures chose representatives for the house, rather than the people themselves.This began to lean toward the British practices of virtual representation, which the U. S. fought a war to be rid of. Another problem was that each state only received one vote, which was unfair to the larger states with a greater population. With a super majority required to pass laws, nearly no laws were passed because no one was able to agree. The lack of national courts also made it difficult to solve disputes, more specificall(a)y those between states, making them all grow more independently rather than as a unified nation.Foreign policy was a mess under the Articles of Confederation. The states were unwilling to give up their land and index as they were afraid that is the federal government gained any more power then they would return to a monarchical type system. With no president, there was no figure to enforce laws or make negotiate with other countries, and the governors were only concerned with the welfare of their own state, pr level offting the states from becoming more unified.Because the federal government lacked any power, it was impossible to solve the problem with the Mississippi river and fishing rights, and there was no one to stop Shays Rebellion. This lack of power caused great fear that the British could easily come and take us over once again. Massive debts had piled up from the Revolution and from starting a vernal country, so states were looking for a way to pay them off. They began printing their own currency, only to caus e massive inflation and difficulties trading both with other nations, and even from state to state.This inability to trade caused further problems, and they went into a recession. This all resulted from states holding most of the power, rather than their being a balance between state and federal. As the states did not want to lose their power, they would not give up any land to the federal government even if it were to pay off some of its debts. carnal knowledge did not have the ability to tax, causing further economic strain and making it difficult to pay off their many debts.

A Different Kind of Leadership

When The Economist magazine recently asked 180 leaders what the major influence on future organizations would be, two-thirds of them said it would be aggroups and groups. Clearly, the John Wayne good example of lead wont dissemble. What is needed today is a different kind of leadership. People who think they can do it by themselves be pretty deluded. Despite these kinds of statements the cultus figure of the Chief Executive Officer still exists. They are enshrined, and probably celebrated too much.This is partly an American phenomenon. However through come forth Europe at that place are beginning to be reactions against these icons for companies and these are ominous signs for the future of figureheads. Groups, teams, communities, partnerships, stakeholders, colleagues, collaborators signal the end of the Great Man, the death of the John Wayne myth. As the business world becomes to a capitaler extent complex and interdependent, executives cannot afford to lead in isolation. Instead, they must tap into the collective knowledge and expertise of their colleagues by creating real teamwork at top levels of the organization. They need to wee truly effective leadership teams. Successful management in todays society are forever trying to seek out the most capable individuals to pursue in specific roles within a business environment. The criteria on which an individual is selected are widely recognised as the common attributes of a leader.These qualities would include intelligence, forcefulness, sensitivity, patience, decisiveness, the somebody would be reflective and dynamic, a good communicator as well as being a good listener. The list of desirable traits continues to describe the perfect leader-manager who would be effective and most probably flawless(prenominal). In reality this person could not exist, simply because m some(prenominal) of the characteristics seem to conflict with one another(prenominal). It is unlikely that someone could be both forcefu l and particularly sensitive.The inability of a single individual to possess all the acquisitions that are sought after, presents the opportunity for the development of a team that certainly could. Teams also have the advantage that if a single member of a team is unavailable, then the productivity of the team may not be impacted significantly, whereas if a single person had full responsibility for a task and then was taken ill for example, any progress due to be made on the task would be halted.Another problem with focussing on training individuals to a high level and in that respectfore becoming somewhat reliant on that person is that, if that person decided to leave to take a position with a competitor or to take early seclusion to spend time with their spouse then the business is left trying to adjust for the loss. By focussing on teams the business is somewhat less expose to these potential problems. However the development of teams to provide protection against competitor s poaching personnel, has become less effective, especially in the service industries.An example of this kind of activity occurring was seen in November 1999 when a team of Merrill Lynch & Co. telecom analysts defected to Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB). This forced Merrill to reshuffle its depleted research effort just as the firms telecom bankers were locating to land the mandate on what could be the biggest initial public offering in history. The highly regarded telecom analysts Dan Reingold and Mark Kastan left Merrill for CSFB on 22nd November, victorious with them a group of five other analysts almost Merrills entire U. S. telecom research team.With such an emphasis on the formulation of effective self-managed teams, the question of whether leadership is actually required arises. It has been suggested that to organize genius and to have a great group, the fine art of herding cats must learnt. This analogy is used to demonstrate the difficult skill of persuading members wit hin a team to carry out tasks they may not particularly want to, and aspect good about doing it. This soft skill is rattling important if a group is to have a member in a leading capacity. Some leaders have managed to succeed without having great great deal skills.Examples include Steve Jobs at Macintosh Computers, Walt Disney, Kelly Johnson at Lockheeds Skunk Works, and John Andrew Rice at Black Mountain College. In fact they have been described as having herded their cats with whips and yet still produced phenomenal results. Leaders typically provide direction and meaning that resonate in the heart, soul and mind. But many leaders of great groups are abrasive, if not downright arrogant. Another analogy used to describe these battalion is that they are all alchemists. They are creating something out of nothing.They are creating something magical. They are creating an purpose of enchantment. An explanation given for why these team leaders were obnoxious at times was that when b elieving that they were involved in a group that would change the world, they could be afforded the opportunity of being a son-of-a-bitch for a time. If a group can be created that thinks they can make a dent in the universe, as Steve Jobs told the team that created the Macintosh computer, ones personal foibles, losing ones temper, ones zeal become less important.If the team feels transported, and part of the excitement, the thrill and the electrifying feeling of doing something that nobody has ever done before, arrogance on behalf of the leader can be excused. Undoubtedly this aggressive style of team leadership producing outstanding results is the exception to most group situations. The charismatic nature of the mass involved probably had more to do with the eventual result rather than the manner in which they lead. Charisma is intangible, difficult to assess, and cannot be taught, yet can nullification all learnt skills of good team leading.However there have been studies that suggest that the personality of the leader may adversely affect the teams performance. bloody shame Fontaine, head of the Hay/McBers competency practice, a U. S. management consulting group, carried out a study that found that team leaders with a variety of managerial styles-authoritative, affiliative, antiauthoritarian and coaching can be successful as long as they encourage dialogues. However team leaders with a coercive managerial style were found to be far less successful at promoting dialogues.In contrast to the success of the individuals and their organisations mentioned earlier it was found that it wasnt the best and the brightest who excelled. Sucking the oxygen out of the room with excessive charisma or with an intimidating intellect and self-confidence was often detrimental to team efforts, Fontaine says. The truly outstanding leaders frequently were those whose contributions were less visible, who worked behind the scenes to create structures and arrange for organization al supports that made it easier for their teams to excel.There seems to be a threshold level of team skills required to be a competent leader, and above this level charisma can either make an average leader-manager into someone special or more likely hinder the groups performance. The ideal that leaders are not born, but make themselves supports this theory. A person may develop to be charismatic, however in order to grow as a leader they must learn the necessary great deal or soft skills. These are the hardest skills to learn. They are the things that will make the biggest difference in organizations.Bob Haas, chief operating officer of Levi Strauss, has said the hard skills are not getting the pants out the door. The hard skills are creating the work force that will be motivated to be productive. So, the soft skills are the hardest skills. It seems that there is still a place for leaders within teams, but not in the traditional sense. Leaders are purveyors of apprehend who suspe nd disbelief in their groups. They represent the groups needs and aspirations. They dont know that a task cannot be achieved.Most individuals are hungry spirits, and any leader who can dangle a dream before them usually gets their attention and the collective talents within a team make that dream a reality. Today the one thing that the majority of professional people want is to be inspired. For many years the qualities of individuals have been studied, and the successful characteristics copied. However the successful features of a management team are less well understood. A team has proved more difficult to study than a single person.However there has been recognition of some of the main elements of what makes one team more successful than another. A amount of studies have been carried out to try to depict the foundations of teamwork and the complimentary relationships among members. The format of the team and the relationships within seem indicative to whether the team is success ful. It is not necessarily the ability of individuals within the team. Given a free choice of members and the need to form a high-powered management team to solve complex problems, it would seem sensible to select members who have sharp analytical minds.This would suggest creating a team composed entirely of intellectually capable people. These graphic symbols of people would be equipped for coping with major projects and big decisions. Creating a Think-Tank would initially appear to be the best solution for high profile managerial teams. However, studies carried out by Belbin concluded that the grouping of highly intellectual and similarly analytically minded people within a team in general does not produce the expected high performance.Belbin championed the result as Apollo Syndrome, named after the team consisting of the intellectually clever people that carried out the executive management exercises he designed. The analysis of these highly intellectual Apollo teams illustrate d some of the flaws within the group interaction. A large proportion of from each one individuals time was engaged in trying to persuade the other members of the team to adopt their own particular, well stated, point of view. No one seemed to convert another or be converted themselves.This was largely due to the ability to spot weak points in each others argument. There was, not surprisingly, no coherence in the decisions that the team reached or was forced to reach. Subsequent to the eventual failure of the team, finishing last in the exercise, the aftermath was marked by mutual recrimination. If having a team consisting of homogeneous people with respect to members demographics, cognitions and high intellect does not create a successful group, then the obvious alternative would be to create groups of compound individuals.Scholars have carried out studies to investigate the various types of diversity within a group. Diversity differentiates individuals by the degree to which the y are directly related to the task at hand. Job relatedness is one form of diversity and is an important property because it determines whether a particular type of diversity constitutes an increase in a groups total mob of task-related skills, information, and perspectives. The magnitude of this pool, in turn, represents a potential for more comprehensive or creative decision making. This concept has been studied by Milliken and Martins.The idea of having a diverse team to provide a wide spectrum of views has been used as a starting point to formulate teams. However, teams do not just happen when people get together. At the start, a team is just a collection of individuals. And, like most collections, it is only as strong as its weakest member. The optimum number of individuals within a team is a major issue for discussion when creating a team. This figure would to some extent depend on the amount of work that needs to be performed. In general the larger the group, the greater th e unseen pressures that make for conformity.These pressures may impinge upon an individual to the extent that in mass meetings, congregations and assemblies they feel anonymous. Behaviour within the group is further complicated by group structure. The stronger the structure, the less tolerance there is for dissenters or for any form of deviant expression. Where groups are unstructured, for example large numbers of people meeting for a purpose but without any imposed constraints, studies have shown that rather than the individual recovering a sense of mature individuality, they are likely to revel in the anonymity which size offers.Investigations have discovered that large gatherings of people has the effect of either their constituents becoming excessively passive or, if full self-expression is permitted, inclined to irresponsible behaviour, aggressive verbal declarations, or even acts of destruction. In a team building situation this type of behaviour would clearly not promote the synergy and effectiveness that is sought after.

Decision to breastfeed is a very personal Essay

Breastfeeding topic always elicits strong opinions from family and friends. What matters is the child getting proper nutrition for his optimal growth and development. The American college of Obstetricians and Gynecologist and American Academy of Pediatrics, to immense emphasis on importance of disparagerfeeding. Every infant and bewilder is unique and has different challenges. Breast draw provides complete nutrition for infants. It has the perfect combination of protein, vitamins, fats and everything infants needs for its growth and development.Breast take out also contains antibodies that assistant infants fight off bacteria and viruses. Risk of having allergies and asthma are greatly reduced with rapperfeeding. Infants who are altogether breastfed for the first vi months, without any formula tend to have fewer respiratory illnesses, ear transmittal and bouts of diarrhea. These infants also have fewer trips to the reconstruct and hospitalizations. Breastfeeding also res ults in higher IQ scores in some studies. The physical touch, closeness, skin-to-skin touch and eye contact, jockstraps infants to bond with the mother and feel secure.Breastfeeding also linked to health weight gain in infants and fight childhood obesity. As per American Academy of Pediatrics, sudden infant death syndrome, risk of diabetes, obesity and certain cancers can be prevented by breastfeeding. Educating the new mother regarding breastfeeding is imperative, to admit sure proper nutriment of the infant. Breastfeeding education starts with finding out the mothers current noesis and perception towards breastfeeding. Once finding out the mother perception and knowledge about breastfeeding.After educating the mother regarding benefits of breast feeding to infants. Nurses should first have to address the most common concerns of new mothers like * angle gain Breastfeeding burns extra calories and helps lose pregnancy weight faster. It releases the hormone oxytocin, which help s return uterus to its original size and reduces uterine bleeding. * Expenses Breastfeeding can help save money by not needing to buy formula, coat mamillas and other formula related things. * Sore nipples It is normal to have sore nipples.Make sure fry latches on correctly and use one finger to break the suction of your babys sass after each feeding. Holding ice or frozen bags of peas against sore nipples can also help ease discomfort. * Not producing enough take out A general rule of thumb is infants wetting six to eight diapers a day is getting enough milk. Breast size does not have to do anything with milk production. Plenty of sleep, good nutrition and proper hydration helps body to produce more milk * Storing and pumping milk Milk can be expressed by hand or pumped with a breast pump.Breast milk can be safely can be used with 2 old age if stored in refrigerator. Frozen breast milk can be stored for 3 months. Thaw frozen milk in warm water or refrigerator. Do not use microwave oven to heat breast milk. * Breast engorgement Breast engorgement is healthy and natural. It happens when breast become full of milk, it could also mean blood vessels in breast have become congested, difference between two is, in normal breast girdle soft and pliable. * Mastitis Is an infection of the breast caused by bacteria which enters the breast through a cracked nipple after breastfeeding.Antibiotics are usually needed to clear up a breast infection. Call the doctor if flu-like symptoms, fever and fatigue are noticed. * Stress Feeling overwhelmed during breastfeeding is normal. Being overly stressed or nervous can interfere with your let down reflex, thats body natural release of milk into milk ducts. Staying as calm and relaxed as possible before and during nursing can help milk let down and flow more easily, that in turns helps infant to be calm and relaxed and increases emotional bonding.

Lean Six Sigma in Hrm

1 tip off 6 Sigma in the helping industry Alessandro Laureani University of Strathclyde United Kingdom 1. Introduction The commercial enterprise betterment methodological analysis kn own as draw six-spot Sigma is free radicaled in the manufacturing industry, where it developed over the past few decades, reaching widespread adoption worldwide.However, accord to the World Economic Outlook Database, published in April 2011, by the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2011), the dispersion of PPP (Purchase Power Parity) GDP, in 2010, among various industry sectors in the main worldwide economies, reflected a eliminate in the industrial sector, with the swear out sector now representing three-quarters of the US economy and more than half of the European economies. PPP GDP 2010 Agriculture Industry Service European Union 5. 7% 30. 7% 63. 6% United States 1. 2% 22. 2% 76. 7% China . 6% 46. 8% 43. 6% India 16. 1% 28. 6% 55. 3% T fit 1. PPP GDP Sector Comparison 2010. In light of th e increase magnificence of the swear out sector, the objective of this chapter is to discuss whether the business improvement methodology known as disputation vi Sigma is applicable to the service industry as well, and illustrate about case schooling applications. 2. What is flex six-spot Sigma? listing sixer Sigma is a business improvement methodology that aims to maximize sh arholders evaluate by change tonus, speed, customer gaiety, and tolls.It achieves this by merging tools and principles from both arguing and half a dozen Sigma. It has been widely adopted widely in manufacturing and service industries, and its achiever in some famous presidencys (e. g. GE and Motorola) has becomed a copycat phenomenon, with m whatever organizations crosswise the world allow foring to replicate the success. www. intechopen. com 4 Advanced Topics in employ Ope symmetryns Management propensity and sextuplet Sigma sop up followed independent paths since the 1980s, when the terms were root hard-coded and set apartd.Control Key and Word Text and Graphics.The first applications of course were recorded in the Michigan plants of Ford in 1913, and were then developed to perfection in Japan (within the Toyota Production System), firearm sestet Sigma saw the light in the United States (within the Motorola Research Centre). Lean is a make-improvement methodology, utilise to deliver products and go soften, faster, and at a demoralize appeal. Womack and Jones (1996) defined it as a track to specify value, simple eye up value-creating actions in the best sequence, conduct those activities without interruption whenever someone requests them, and answer them more and more beliefively.In short, lean thinking is lean beca use it imparts a way to do more and more with less and lessless human effort, less human equipment, less clock time, and less s stridewhile coming closer and closer to providing customers with exactly what they want. (Womack and Jones, 1996p. ) sixer Sigma is a data-driven cover improvement methodology used to achieve stable and predictable process results, reducing process variation and defects. Snee (1999) defined it as a business strategy that seeks to identify and eliminate causes of errors or defects or failures in business processes by nidus on outputs that argon captious to customers.While both Lean and Six Sigma sustain been used for more years, they were not integrated until the late 1990s and early 2000s (George, 2002 George, 2003). Today, Lean Six Sigma is recognized as a business strategy and methodology that increases process performance resulting in enhanced customer satisfaction and improved tin line results (Snee, 2010). Lean Six Sigma uses tools from both toolboxes, in target to get the best from the two methodologies, increase speed while also increasing trueness. The benefits of Lean SixSigma in the industrial world (both in manufacturing and service) have been highlighted extensi vely in the literature and include the following 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ensuring services/products conform to what the customer needs ( articulatio of the customer). Removing non-value adding steps ( redundance) in censorious business processes. Reducing the cost of poor quality. Reducing the incidence of defective products/transactions. Shortening the cycle time. Delivering the correct product/service at the right time in the right sharpen. Antony, 2005a Antony, 2005b) Examples of real benefits in various sectors atomic trope 18 illustrated in Table 2. One of the lynchpin aspects disparateiating Lean Six Sigma from previous quality initiatives is the organization and structure of the quality implementation functions. In quality initiatives precedent to Lean Six Sigma, the management of quality was relegated largely to the production floor and/or, in larger organizations, to some statisticians in the quality department.Instead, Lean Six Sigma introduces a formal organizational inf rastructure for different quality implementation roles, borrowing terminology from the world of martial arts to define hierarchy and c atomic number 18r paths (Snee, 2004 Antony, Kumar & Madu, 2005c Antony, Kumar & Tiwarid, 2005d Pande, Neuman & Cavanagh, 2000 bother & Schroeder, 1999 Adams, Gupta & Wilson, 2003). www. intechopen. com Lean Six Sigma in the Service Industry 5 Table 2. Benefits of Six Sigma in Service Organizations (Antony, Kumar & Cho, 2007). 3. Lean Six Sigma and the service industryThe service industry has its own special characteristics, which differentiate it from manufacturing and make it harder to put one crosswise Lean Six Sigma tools, which open fire be summarized in the following main res publicas (Kotler, 1997 Regan 1963 Zeithmal, Parasur and Berry 1985) Intangibility Although services shadow be consumed and perceived, they lavatorynot be measuring stickd easily and objectively, like manufacturing products. An objective measurement is a diminutive a spect of Six Sigma, which requires data-driven decisions to eliminate defects and debase variation.The lack of objective metrics is usually addressed in service organizations through the use of proxy metrics (e. g. customer survey). Perishability Services cannot be inventoried, exclusively are instead delivered simultaneously in response to the demand for them. As a consequence, services processes contain further too much work-in-process and work can spend more than 90% of its time waiting to be executed (George, 2003). Inseparability Delivery and consumption of service is simultaneous.This adds complexity to service processes, unknown to manufacturing. Having customers waiting in line or on the phone involves some emotional management, not present in a manufacturing process. variant Each service is a unique event dependent on so many changing conditions, which cannot be reproduced exactly. As a result of this, the variability in service processes is much higher than in manufac turing processes, leading to very different customer experiences. www. intechopen. com 6 Advanced Topics in Applied operations ManagementOwing to these inbred differences, it has been harder for service organizations, much(prenominal) as monetary companies, wellness- bursting charge providers, retail and hospitality organizations, to apply Lean Six Sigma to their own reality. However, in that location are also great op wayunities in the service organizations (George 2003) Empirical data has shown the cost of services are inflated by 3080% of waste. Service functions have little or no history of using data to make decisions. It is often difficult to retrieve data and many key decision-makers may not be as numeri keyy literate as some of their manufacturing counterparts.Approximately 3050% of the cost in a service organization is caused by costs related to slow speed, or carrying out work again to satisfy customer needs. In the last few years, successful applications in service organizations have come to fruition and we will illustrate three possible applications in a retrieve centre, in human resources, and finally in a healthcare provider. 4. Case study 1 Lean Six Sigma in a mobilize centre (Laureani et al, 2010a) The two major types of call centres are outbound centres and inward centres. The most common are inbound call centre operations.Almost everyone in their chance(a) life has had to call one of those centres for a variety of reasons. Outbound centres are used more in areas such as marketing, sales and credit collection. In these instances, it is the call centre operators who get run across with the user. Although there are some differences between outbound and inbound call centres, they each have certain say-so benefits and challenges, with regard to the implementation of Lean Six Sigma. Benefits Some of the benefits that Lean Six Sigma can deliver in a call centre are (Jacowski, 2008 Gettys, 2009) . 2. 3. 4. 5. Streamlining the operations of the call centre Lean strategy helps in eliminating waste and other non-value added activities from the process. Decreasing the issuing of lost calls Six Sigmas root-cause analysis and hypothesistesting techniques can take to heart in determining how much time to spend on different type of calls, thus providing a guide to the operators. Better use of resources (both human resources and applied science), thus leading to a decrement in the cost of running such centres.Unveiling the hidden factory establishing the root causes of why customers call in the first place can help in uncovering trouble further along the process, providing benefits that go further than the call centre itself, meliorate customer service and support. Reducing employee turnover call centres are usually characterized by high employee turnover, owing to the highly stressful work environment. A more streamlined operation would assistant in reducing operators stress, particularly in an inbound centre. Chall engesSpecific challenges of applying Lean Six Sigma in a call centre environment (Piercy & Rich, 2009) www. intechopen. com 7 Lean Six Sigma in the Service Industry 1. 2. 3. The relentless pace of the activity (often 24/7) makes it more difficult for key staff to find the time to become snarly in projects and Lean Six Sigma training. The realization of an inhibit measurement system analysis (MSA) (Wheeler & Lyday, 1990) is difficult because of the built-in subjectivity and interpretation of some call types, failing reproducibility tests of different call centre operators.High employee turnover, that normally characterizes call centres, makes it more difficult for the programme to remain in the organization. Strengths Weaknesses ? ? Root cause analysis can determine major reasons for customers calls, helping to unveil problems further along the value stream map of the high society Lean Six Sigma deployment requires significant investment in training, that may be difficult from a time perspective in a fastpaced environment such as a call centre Opportunities Threats ? ? ? ? ? change magnitude list of lost calls Reduce waiting time for calls in the queue Improve employee productiveness (i. . number of calls dealt with by the hour) ? Lack of metrics Lack of support from process owner Preconceived ideas Table 3. study Analysis for the Use of Lean Six Sigma in a echo Centre. Overall, the opportunities far outweigh the challenges. ring centres nowadays are more than just operations they are the first, and sometimes a unique, point of contact that a company may have with its customers. Their efficient and effective running, and their timely resolution of customers queries, all go a long way to establishing the companys brand and image. Project selection is a critical component of success.Not all projects may be suitable candidates for the application of Lean Six Sigma, and this needs to be kept in mind in assessing the operation of a call centre. Also, differ ent tools and techniques may be more suited to a specific project, depending on the nature and characteristics of the process it is trying to address. Projects that better summate themselves to Lean Six Sigma share, inter alia, the following characteristics ? The focus of the project is on a process that is any not in statistical control (unstable) or outside customer specifications (incapable).As already mentioned in the introduction, Six Sigma techniques focus on reducing the variation in a process, making them the ideal tools for tackling an incapable but stable process, whereas Lean tools focus more on the elimination of waste and would be the first port of call for streamlining an unstable process. Priority should be given to unstable processes, using Lean tools to eliminate the waste and simplify the process. Once it has stabilized, more advanced statistical tools from the Six Sigma toolbox, can be used to reduce variation and make the process capable. ww. intechopen. com 8 ? ? ? Advanced Topics in Applied Operations Management The root reason(s) for this has not been identified yet. It is important to start work on the project with an open mind and without any prejudice. Data and hard facts should guide the project along its path. Quantitative metrics of the process are available. A lack of measures and failing to realize a complete measurement system analysis (MSA) (Wheeler & Lyday, 1990) can sternly jeopardize any improvement effort. The process owner is supportive and willing to provide data and resources.This is critical for the ongoing success of the project the process owners role is discussed in detail in the Control Phase section. Potential areas of focus for Six Sigma projects in call centres (Gettys, 2009) ? ? ? ? Lost call ratio out of total calls for an inbound call centre Customer waiting/holding times for an inbound call centre First-call resolution Calls back inflating call volumes. Call centres are increasingly important for many busi nesses and are struggling consistently with the pressure of delivering a better service at a lower cost.Lean Six Sigma can improve the operation of a call centre through an increase in first-call resolution (that reduces the failure created by failing to answer the query in the first place), a lessening in call centre operator turnover (leveraging on training and experience), and streamlining the underlying processes, eliminating supernumerary operations. precondition the large scale of many call-centre operations, even a relatively small improvement in the sigma value of the process can dramatically reduce the defect rate, increase customer satisfaction and deliver financial benefits to the bottom line (Rosenberg, 2005).By focusing on eliminating waste, identifying the real value-adding activities and using the DMAIC tools for problem-solving, it is possible to achieve significant improvements in the cost and customer service provided (Swank, 2003). 5. Case study 2 Lean Six Sigm a in HR administration (Laureani & Antony, 2010b) In the late 1980s, when Motorola implemented Six Sigma originally, obtaining astonishing results, the company was then faced with the predicament of how to reward its employees for these successes (Gupta, 2005).This was the first time Six Sigma and HR practices came into contact, and a more accurate definition of HR practices was needed. If, in the past, the term HR was related only to administrative functions (e. g. payroll, timekeeping, etc. ), the term has increased substantially, in the last few decades, to include the acquisition and application of skills and strategies to maximize the return on investment from an organizations human capital (Milmore et al, 2007). HR management is the strategic approach to the management of all population that contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business (Armstrong, 2006).As such it includes, but it is not limited to, personnel administration. In effect it includes all steps where an employee and an organization come into contact, with the potential of adding value to the organization (Ulrich, 1996). www. intechopen. com Lean Six Sigma in the Service Industry 9 As such, and merging terminology from Lean and HR, we define the following 7 points as the kind Capital jimmy Stream part 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Attraction Selection Orientation (or induction) repay Development Management Separation Fig. 1. Human Capital quantify Stream Map.The Human Capital Value Stream Map is a Lean technique that identifies the flow of information or material require in delivering a product or service to a customer (Womack & Jones, 1996). Human capital is the compile skills and experience of the human force in an organization (Becker, 1993). The Human Capital Value Stream Map is the flow of human capital required for an organization to deliver its products or service to customers the objectives of which are soon described below ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Attract to establish a prop er employers brand that attracts the right quality of individual.Select to select the best possible candidate for the job. Orient to get word saucy employees are properly prepare and integrated into the organization. Reward to ensure compensation packages are appropriate and in line with the market. Develop to distinguish talent and ensure career progression. Manage to supervise and administer the day-to-day jobs. Separation to track reasons for instinctive leavers and maintain a constructive relationship. It is possible to apply Lean Six Sigma tools to each step of the Human Capital Value Stream Map, in order to eliminate waste in the HR process Wyper & Harrison, 2000). For each step in the Human Capital Value Stream Map it is necessary to establish proper quantitative metrics that allow objective assessment and control of the process step (Sullivan, 2003). This makes use of the more quantitative statistical tools from the Six Sigma toolbox possible. Establishing HR metrics ca n be controversial, with different parts of the organization having different objectives (Jamrog & Overholt, 2005), but the answer to these simple questions may help to focus on the real value each step can provide. 1. 2. 3.What is the expected deliverable of the step? What are the relevant metrics and key performance indicators of the step? What are the opportunities for defects in the step? www. intechopen. com 10 Advanced Topics in Applied Operations Management For recruitment, for example, the answers to the above questions may be as follows. 1. 2. 3. Hire, in the shortest possible time, new members of staff to fulfil a certain job. The number of days to fill a vacancy (also define the acceptable norm for the organization). Any job remaining vacant for longer than the acceptable norm.Similar thought processes can be performed for other steps having set metrics for each step of the Human Capital Value Stream Map, an organization is now in the position to apply Six Sigma DMAIC to it. Six Sigma can be used to improve administrative processes, such as HR processes. Implementing the Six Sigma DMAIC find methodology in HR follows the same path as implementing it in any other part of the organization. However, there are some specific key learning points and challenges for the HR area, such as ? ? ?Difficulty in establishing an appropriate measurement system analysis and metrics Data collection can be extremely difficult, as the project team is dealing with very sensitive issues and Difficulty in performing any pilot program or design of experiment. Any of these is going to impact on the behaviour of staff, making it difficult to measure its results accurately. As a result, projects may last longer than the standard four to six months and the wider use of tools such as brainstorming and Kaizen workshops with domain experts may be necessary (Lee et al, 2008).Examples of potential Six Sigma projects in the HR function are ? ? ? ? ? ? reduction of employees turnove r reduction in time and cost to hire a new employee reduction in training costs reduction in cost of managing employees separation reduction in administrative defects (payroll, benefits, sick pay, etc. ) reduction in queries from the employee population to the HR department. Every area of an organization needs to perform better, faster and more cheaply, to keep the company ahead of the competition, and be able to satisfy ever-increasing customer expectations.HR is no exception more cost-effective and streamlined HR processes will create value for the organization, instead of just being a support act for management (Gupta, 2005). 6. Case study 3 Lean Six Sigma in health-care delivery Health care is a complex business, having to ratio continuously the need for medical care and attention to financial data. It offers pocket of excellence, with outstanding advances in technology and treatment, together with inefficiencies and errors (Taner et al, 2007). Everywhere in the world, the fina ncial pressures on health care have increased steady in the last decade.While an ageing population and technological investments are often cited as culprits for these financial pressures, unnecessary operational inefficiency is another source www. intechopen. com Lean Six Sigma in the Service Industry 11 of cost increases, largely under the control of health-care professionals (de Koning et al, 2006). Lean Six Sigma projects so far in the health-care literature have focused on direct care delivery, administrative support and financial administration (Antony et al, 2006), with projects executed in the following processes (Taner et al, 2007) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? increasing capacity in X-ray rooms reducing avoidable emergency admissions up day case performance up accuracy of clinical coding improving affected role satisfaction in Accident and Emergency (A&E) reducing turn-around time in preparing medical reports reducing bottle necks in emergency d epartments reducing cycle time in various inpatient and outpatient diagnostic areas reducing number of medical errors and hence enhancing patient safety reducing patient falls reducing errors from high-risk medicinal drug educing medication ordering and administration errors improving active management of personnel costs increasing productivity of health-care personnel increasing accuracy of laboratory results increasing accuracy of billing processes and thereby reducing the number of billing errors improving bed availability across various departments in hospitals reducing number of postoperative wound infections and related problems improving MRI exam scheduling reducing lost MRI films improving turn-around time for pharmacy orders improving nurse or pharmacy technician recruitment mproving operating theatre throughput increasing surgical capacity reducing length of stay in A&E reducing A&E diversions improving revenue cycle reducing inventory levels improving patient registratio n accuracy improving employee retention The focus has been on the improvement of clinical processes to identify and eliminate waste from the patient pathways, to enable staff to examine their own workplace, and to increase quality, safety and efficiency in processes (e. g. Fillingham, 2007 Silvester et al, 2004 Radnor and Boaden, 2008).The barriers specific to the deployment of Lean Six Sigma in health care, in addition to the ones commonly present in other industries, are ? Measurement it is often difficult to identify processes, which can be measured in terms of defects (Lanham and Maxson-Cooper, 2003). www. intechopen. com 12 ? Advanced Topics in Applied Operations Management Psychology of the workforce in the health-care industry it is particularly important to not use jargonistic business language, as this has a high chance of being spurned or accepted with cynicism by medical professionalsThe application of Lean Six Sigma in health care is still in its early stages. Therefore early successes in simple projects will pave the way for tackling more complicated initiatives in the future, initiating a positive circle of improvement, bringing clinical change on a broad scale. Appropriately implemented, Lean Six Sigma can produce benefits in terms of better operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness and higher process quality (Taner et al, 2007), as the case studies presented in this paper illustrate.The spiralling costs of health care means that unless health-care processes become more efficient, a decreasing proportion of citizens in industrialized societies will be able to afford high-quality health care (de Koning et al, 2006). Continuous process improvement is needed to ensure health-care processes are efficient, cost-effective and of high quality. The five case study applications we have examined in this paper provide examples of how Lean Six Sigma can help to improve health-care processes.The adoption of similar programs in other hospitals across the he alth-care sector will help the delivery of high quality health care to an increasing population. 7. refinement Lean Six Sigma is now accepted widely as a business strategy to improve business profitability and achieve service excellence, and its use in service organizations is growing quickly. However, there are a number of barriers to the implementation of Lean Six Sigma in services, such as the innate characteristics of services, as well as the manufacturing origins of Lean Six Sigma that have conditioned service managers to consider them as fleshly products only.On the other hand, as shown in the case studies, there are a number of advantages for the use of Lean Six Sigma in services (Eisenhower, 1999). Overall, the applications so far have showed the benefits (such as lowering operational costs, improving processes quality, increasing efficiency) to outweigh the costs associated with its implementation. 8. References Adams, C. , Gupta, P. & Wilson, C. (2003) Six Sigma deployme nt. Burlington, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann. Antony, J. (2005a) Assessing the status of six sigma in the UK service organizations. Proceedings of the atomic number 42 National Conference on Six Sigma, Wroclaw, pp. -12. Antony, J. (2005b) Six Sigma for service processes. Business Process Management Journal, 12(2), 234-248. Antony, J. , Antony, F. & Taner, T. (2006), The hole-and-corner(a) of success. Public Service Review Trade and Industry, 10, 12-14. Antony, J. , Kumar, M. & Cho, B. R. (2007) Six Sigma in services organizations benefits, challenges and difficulties, common myths, empirical observations success factors. International Journal of property Reliability Management, 24(3), 294311. www. intechopen. com Lean Six Sigma in the Service Industry 13 Antony, J. , Kumar, M. & Madu, C. N. 2005) Six Sigma in small and medium sized UK manufacturing enterprises some empirical observations. International Journal of prize & Reliability Management, 22(8), 860-874. Antony, J. , Kumar, M . & Tiwari, M. K. (2005) An application of Six Sigma methodology to reduce the engine overheating problem in an self-propelling company. IMechE Part B, 219(B8), 633-646. Armstrong, M. (2006) A handbook of human resource management practice. London, Kogan Page. Becker, G. S. (1993) Human capital a theoretic and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. e Koning, H. , Verver, J. P. S. , Van den Heuvel, J. , Bisgaard, S. & Does, R. J. M. M. (2006) Lean Six Sigma in health care. Journal for Healthcare Quality, 28(2), 4-11. Eisenhower, E. C. (1999) The implementation challenges of Six Sigma in service business, International Journal of Applied Quality Management, 2(1), 1-24 Fillingham, D. (2007) Can lean save lives? Leadership in Health Services, 20(4), 231-41. George, M. L. (2003) Lean Six Sigma for service how to use Lean speed and Six Sigma quality to improve services and transactions. New York, McGraw-Hill. George, M. L. 2002) Lea n Six Sigma combining Six Sigma quality with Lean speed. New York, McGraw-Hill. Gettys, R. (2009) Using Lean Six Sigma to improve Call Centre operations. Online unattached from http//finance. isixsigma. com/library/content/c070418a. asp Accessed 22nd January 2009. Gupta, P. (2005) Six Sigma in HR, Quality Digest, QCI International. Harry, M. and Schroeder, R. (1999) Six Sigma The breakthrough management strategy International Monetary Fund (IMF), (2011) World Economic Outlook Database. Online Available from http//www. imf. org/ outer/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/index. aspx. Accessed 7th August 2011 Jacowski, T. (2008) Maximizing call centre resource utilization with Six Sigma. Online Available from http//ezine expressions. com/? Maximizing-Call-Centre-ResourceUtilization-With-Six-Sigma&id=1014905. Accessed 22nd January 2009. Jamrog, J. J. & Overholt, M. H. (2005) The future of HR metrics, Strategic HR Review, 5 (1) 3-3. Kotler, P. (1997) Analysis, planning ,implementation and contro l, 9th ed. Prentice-Hall. Lanham, B. & Maxson-Cooper, P. (2003) Is Six Sigma the answer for nursing to reduce medical errors? , Nursing Economics, 21(1), 39-41. Laureani, A. & Antony, J. 2010) Reducing employees turnover in transactional services a Lean Six Sigma case study, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 59(7), 688-700 Laureani, A. , Antony, J. & Douglas, A. (2010) Lean Six Sigma in a call centre a case study, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 59(8), 757-768 Lee, Y. , Chen, L. & Chen, S. (2008) Application of Six Sigma methodology in human resources to reduce employee turnover rate a case company of the TFT-LCD industry in Taiwan. International Journal of Operations and Quantitative Management, 14 (2), 117-128.Milmore, M. et al, (2007) Strategic human resource management modern-day issues. Prentice Hall/Financial Times. www. intechopen. com 14 Advanced Topics in Applied Operations Management Pande, P. , Neuman, R. & Cavanagh, R. (2000) The Six Sigma way how GE, Motorola and other top companies are honing their performance. New York, McGraw-Hill. Piercy, N. & Rich, N. (2009) Lean transformation in the pure service environment the case of the call centre. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 29 (1), 54-76. Radnor, Z. & Boaden, R. (2008) Editorial does Lean enhance public services? Public Money and Management, 28(1), 3-6. Regan, W. J. (1963) The Service Revolution, Journal of Marketing, 47, 57-62 Rosenberg, A. (2005) Six Sigma the myth, the mystery, the magic can Six Sigma really make an impact in your call centre? Online Available from http//www. callcentremagazine. com/shared/article/showArticle. jhtml? articleId= 59301130 Accessed 22nd January 2009. Silvester, K. , Lendon, R. , Bevan, H. , Steyn, R. & Walley, P. (2004) Reducing waiting times in the NHS is lack of capacity the problem? Clinician in Management, 12(3), 105-11. Snee, R. D. 2010) Lean Six Sigma getting bet ter all the time, International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 1(1), 929. Snee, R. D. (2004) Six Sigma the evolution of 100 years of business improvement methodology. International Journal of Six Sigma and Competitive Advantage, 1(1), 420. Snee, R. D. (1999) Why should statisticians pay attention to Six Sigma? Quality Progress, 32(9), 100103. Sullivan, J. (2003) HR metrics the world tell way, Kennedy Information. Swank, C. (2003) The Lean service machine. Harvard Business Review, October, 123-129. Taner, M. T. , Sezen, B. & Antony, J. 2007) An overview of Six Sigma applications in the health-care industry. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 20(4), 329-340 Ulrich, D. (1996) Human resource champions. The next agenda for adding value and delivering results. Boston, Harvard Business School Press. Wheeler, D. J. & Lyday, R. W. (1990) Evaluating the measurement process. 2nd ed. SPC Press. Womack, J. P. & Jones, D. T. (1996) Lean thinking. New York, Simon & Schuster. Wype r, B. & Harrison, A. (2000) Deployment of Six Sigma methodology in human resource function a case study. chalk up Quality Management, 11, (4/5/6), 720-727. Zeithaml, V.A. , Parasuraman, A. & Berry, L. L. (1985), Problems and strategies in services marketing, Journal of Marketing, 49 (Spring), 33-46. www. intechopen. com Advanced Topics in Applied Operations Management Edited by Mr. Yair Holtzman ISBN 978-953-51-0345-5 Hard cover, 200 pages Publisher InTech Published online 16, March, 2012 Published in grade edition March, 2012 The chapters in Advanced Topics in Applied Operations Management creatively demonstrate a valuable connection among operations strategy, operations management, operations research, and various departments, systems, and practices throughout an organization.The authors show how mathematical tools and process improvements can be applied effectively in unique measures to other functions. The book provides examples that illustrate the challenges confronting firms competing in todays demanding environment bridging the gap between theory and practice by analyzing real situations. How to reference In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following Alessandro Laureani (2012). Lean Six Sigma in the Service Industry, Advanced Topics in Applied Operations Management, Mr.Yair Holtzman (Ed. ), ISBN 978-953-51-0345-5, InTech, Available from http//www. intechopen. com/books/advanced-topics-in-applied-operations-managem ent/lean-six-sigma-in-theservice-industry InTech Europe University Campus STeP Ri Slavka Krautzeka 83/A 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Phone +385 (51) 770 447 Fax +385 (51) 686 166 www. intechopen. com InTech China Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai No. 65, Yan An highroad (West), Shanghai, 200040, China Phone +86-21-62489820 Fax +86-21-62489821

Target and Job Satisfaction

order and Job enjoyment. Job satisfaction is very important in regards to keeping employees productive and efficient. If a employee is not happy with their working environment, co-workers, or the task on hand, and so they are more likely to be less efficient and productive for the confederacy. With that being said, Target is a wonderful place for advancement and status in a career with Target. Target states Were utilise to helping our more than 365,000 team up up members through break the world live soundly and achieve their goals, know that their speculator perspectives, talents and commitments make both our company and communities the best they can be. This statement and ideology shows the public that Target believes that the company is nothing without the employees that chuck their energy into it. Target has enforced this by providing their employees with incentives such as imaginations, services and benefits programs. As far as leaders in each department, Target has ens ured that leaders are well invested in and that they are given the probability to in the flesh(predicate) career developing and networking opportunities.What makes Target supererogatory when it comes to Job Satisfaction is that they offer a variety of career development opportunities for the purpose of twist the best team, because the best team represents the company itself. During the hiring process, target is in the pursuit of top talents that they intend to foster so that they not certification the individuals growth but similarly set guidelines and development goals so that each member are capable to pursue it.Target believes in the social well-being of every(prenominal)body inside and outside the company. They believe in the concept that building strong relationships and enjoying flavor inside and outside work settings exit distinguish early(a) companies. For example, Target offers discounts, playing period activities, social networks, and vivification event resour ces to help team members create a meaningful connection with others. Target wants to make every employee feel to feel part of the family.Other incentives include onboarding, leadership development programs, training and development resources, career planning, diversity and inclusion business councils, Coaching and mentoring, Recognition programs, tuition reimbursements, team member life resources, and more. To add, Target is also aware of the financial well-being and how its is important to make good financial decisions in the present and to plan for the future.They offer savings and invent plans, time off, and redress options to help team members view their financial goals some of this may include One of the best 401 k plans in retail, vacation, national holidays and personal days, 10% team member discount, Target Credit Union, Adoption assistance reimbursement, Daycare Flexible consumption Account (FSA), Child care discount, Life Insurance, Disability insurance, commuter benefi ts and more. Also, Target also offers good wellness benefits for their Employees.They are committed to providing and encouraging wellness and promoting preventive care, such as offering the many benefits and resource to help team members and their families lead healthy, and balanced lives. Health benefits include Medical, dental, vision and prescription drug coverage, programs and rewards to instigate healthy actions, maternity support program, nurseline, Tobacco cessation program, well-being education resources, team member life resources, and more. Target has identified that there are about 120 different career paths that exist for team members to explore.This is good because if a current employee is not satisfied with their current position, then they have the option and the opportunity to change career paths, which is a prenominal process of transition, in my flavour. What also makes Target ideal as far as job satisfaction, is that aside from assisting current members with cer tain incentives mentioned above, but also for spouses, domestic partners and other dependents. Training and mentoring programs are also offered to employees to assist and prepare team members for current or new challenges.This special program is designed in a way that offers external benchmarking combined with industry research, as well as partnerships and internal expertise. What this means is that everything that is trained to employees is offered through not whole internal settings but also external settings. The company will help find the best method, whether it is from in-house or, experts outside the company, target will do their best in providing the best training and mentoring program and experts for employees to improve and become as productive as they want to be.To further the job satisfaction of employees, there is a system for talent management is put into great consideration and implemented to Targets employees. Target calls it the Leadership Foundations and Expectatio ns Competency Model which informs and teaches every team member exactly which skills and abilities are needed for them to succeed no team member will be left behind. Target applies this method and administer this process by following talent-planning routines such as the Best Team Survey, which allots team members to voice their opinions. This method not only help employees lecture out their voice but also help improve Target.Communication is important to target and believes that every voice and opinion should be heard. Target has design a program called Regular Review Process which ensures that not only leaders but team members meet routinely and regularly so that they can hold forth the strengths and the electromotive force development opportunities for the company the company meets with their leader four times a year to negotiate and discuss business goals, performance, and development and career goals, with every if not all team members participating in a formal performance re view once a year.Target is really the best when it comes to the benefits in retail, and that providing competitive pay, insurance coverage, career mentoring and so many great perks for the target family. They provide so many incentives for team members to speak out, and find a myriad of benefits for not only themselves but also for potential family members. Targets importance to the local community and corporate social responsibility represent and defines target.This can include target-sponsored inform activities, target volunteer councils, community captains, community awards and grants, and more. Target takes pride in providing so much for their team so that they can contribute and show their strong community. Citations. Benefits. Employee Benefits, Fringe Benefits, Perks. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. . Culture. Culture Working at Target. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. Social. Employee Social Benefits Enjoying Life. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. . Team Members. Our Team Members Partners in Our Success. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. https//corporate. target. com/corporate-responsibility/team-members