Irish immigrants Essay Example for Free

Irish immigrants EssayWhen the Irish began arriving in America in large numbers in the 1840s, they were generally destitute and unskilled, and for decades they occupied the lowest levels of American society, often trapped in menial jobs desire domestic service or difficult, often dangerous jobs like force and canal construction. According to historian Paul Boyer, Irish immigrants entered the work force at the bottom. Paddy with his pickax and Bridget the maid were simultaneously stereotypes and realities (Boyer et al 273). However, they rose apace in America compared to other immigrants groups, mainly because of several advantages. Their ability to speak English certainly helped them, giving them advantages that later immigrants from non-English-speaking nations did not immediately have. In occupations like factory labor, they were able to rise more quickly than other immigrants, slowly moving up the social ladder. In addition, they gradually More importantly, the urban Irish became active in politics, particularly within the Democratic Party, which appealed to the new arrivals and offered them assistance in finding housing and jobs in exchange for votes. This gave the Irish a colossal array of opportunities, moving from unskilled labor into better-paying blue-collar positions as firefighters, police officers, and workers in city departments like sanitation, water, and streets.By 1900, the Irish had already ascended through the work class and were making headway in the middle class, and this progress accelerated as later immigrants from southern and eastern Europe began arriving by the millions. The head pay off they make happyed in arriving sooner than most other ethnic groups, their knowledge of English, and their affinity for politics all combined to give Irish immigrants advantages that other immigrant groups would not enjoy to the same degree.Boyer, Paul et al. The Enduring Vision. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1998.

Six Simple Ways to Go Green Essay Example for Free

Six Simple Ways to Go cat valium EssayThese long time it seems you cant even go two hours without seeing or hearing something about being green, whether its an advertisement for an Earth-friendly product, news about an environmentally-sound investment, a taradiddle about a business or community thats taking steps to be more eco-conscious, or just general advice on how to save the planet. Going green isnt just the latest trend though its something we all must do to conserve resources, combat mood change, and preserve our planet for generations to come. Here be six easy-but essential-things you can do to green your lifestyle (and save a little cash too)1. Green Clean Your Ho drill Conventional household cleaners and bug-killers can contain as many as 200 industrial compounds, pollutants, and otherwise chemicals. These harmful toxins are dangerous for you, your children and your animal companions, as well as harmful to the environment. Chemicals in cleaning products have even been implicated in Parkinsons disease, infertility, brain damage, cancer, and other health problems.Its safer and greener to buy lonesome(prenominal) organic, all-natural cleaning products. Many natural, cruelty-free cleaning products are available in many supermarkets and drugstores. Thrifty cleaners can too make their own green cleaning supplies with everyday, inexpensive ingredients like baking soda, borax, cornstarch, and white distilled vinegar, which is effective for killing bacteria and germs.2. Garden with a Green pollex Americans use approximately 80 cardinal pounds of pesticides in their gardens every year. Like chemical-cleaners, pesticides and synthetic fertilizers pose a threat to you and your loved ones, and the environment in general. Instead, use compost and plant native plants, which have adapted to the environment and require less wet and attention, in your garden. By composting you can recycle your yard and kitchen wastes (even your dinner scraps) to fertili ze your own garden. This saves you time and money and services the environment.3. Dont Be in the Dark About Green Light Bulbs Compact fluorescent loose bulbs are energy-efficient, long-lasting, and cost-effective. They can be purchased at most hardware stores and cost under $4 each. If you use compact fluorescent light bulbs instead of standard incandescent ones, youll not only help save the environment, but youll also save around $30 on your electric bill.4. Curb Consumerism Do you sincerely need more knick-knacks, techno-toys, fad fashions, and stuff that will ultimately land in a landfill? Cutting back on unnecessary purchases not only helps save landfill space (and all the materials needed to make the must-have merchandise), but it will also save you money for more important things.When you do go shop bring along reusable canvas shopping bags. Every year Americans use up to 100 billion plastic bags, which equals about 12 million barrels of oil. Some stores offer a small disc ount if you bring your own bag, and by not using a non-biodegradable, petroleum-based plastic bag, you can help save wildlife. Thousands of animals choke to death on plastic bags, thinking they are food.5. Eat Green If you want to be green, its important to eat green-vegetarian, that is. meatless Mondays or Thursdays, or what have you, are a great start. The less meat you eat the more you help to squeeze greenhouse gas emissions, withstand pollution, and conserve water, land, fossil fuels, and other resources. Consider this*A United Nations report revealed that the meat, egg, and dairy industries are responsible for more greenhouse gasses than all the cars, SUVs, ships, tractor trailers, trains, and jumbo jets combined. correspond to the Live Earth concert handbook, refusing meat is the single most effective thing you can do to reduce your carbon footprint. Researchers with the University of Chicago even report that going vegan is 50% more effective in stopping global warming th an switching to a hybrid car.*The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) says that run-off from manufactory farms pollutes our waterways more than all other industrial sources combined. The EPA also reports that about 80 percent of ammonia emissions in America come from animal waste.*It takes more than 4,000 gallons of water per day to produce food for a meat-eater only 300 gallons of water a day are needed to produce food for a vegan. just about 80 percent of the agricultural land in the U.S. is used to raise animals for food. E The Environmental Magazine has reported that more than one-third of all fossil fuels produced in the U.S. are used to raise animals for food.6. Buy Local If you buy locally-grown fruits and veggies rather than produce that has been trucked across the country, you can help conserve fossil fuels and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and other harmful pollutants released into the air. Buying produce from a local farmers market also supports local farmers, who oft do not use as many harmful chemicals and waxes on the food they grow. You can usually find your local produce cheaper at the grangers Market than in the grocery store.

Implications of cctv surveillance in society

Implications of cctv management in societyImplications of CCTV c are in SocietyIntroduction command as equated in the Oxford Dictionary Supervision, close observation, and invigilation of individualistics who are not trusted to work or go most unwatched (Fowler and Fowler 1964 1302). command has become a factor of society and seems to be ein truthwhere. People are supervised by m whatsoever different methods every day. Being a huge bring out of society, surveillance is perpetually discussed in twain the public and private sectors. Being such a widely debated topic in society today, the implications and complications it brings to the everyday life are further one of the main areas of focus in many discussions. This article concludes of how surveillance affect the society by looking at fewer aspects linked to surveillance. unrivalled of the reasons why surveillance causes implications in favorable life is because it is everywhere the idea of surveillance is transformed f rom one simple idea of forestalling an eye on ones not trusted to another as technology continued to develop further.When one thinks of surveillance, first thought that comes up would be CCTV (Close Circuit Television) because it is most roughhewn and well-known type of surveillance that is widely apply, plainly surveillance goes a lot further then alone CCTV. In fact, CCTV itself is a broad type to consider for study. The following discussion is mainly based upon CCTV surveillance while taking a glance at different types of surveillance techniques and how they cause implications to loving life of societyCCTV direction is a broad topic and CCTV is not the only surveillance that is watching everywhere the society, other techniques such as Biometrics, spry Phones, and Phone tapping, Local Area Networks (LAN) and study surveillance to a fault adds to the surveillance. It is believed though that it is CCTV in general that t block ups to concern society. This is mainly due to t he number of CCTV cameras installed in townspeople centres across the UK and the cost of having them and keeping them running, partially because the idea of macrocosm watched 24/7 leaves society a very miniscule chance to socialize privately.In January 2000, Prime Minister Tony Blair announced the expansion of CCTV network in England with the input of an enormous 150 cardinal of public money (Parker, 2000). Before the expansion, in that location were already 1.3 million CCTV Cameras throughout the nation keeping an eye on society and public in restaurants, parks, streets, malls and other public places. Parker stated that the expansion was rising at the rate of 20% a year with the number of CCTV cameras watching us a year in the United Kingdom. A recent study obtained by London Liberal Democrat Justin Davenport due to the freedom of information act, the study showed that the average cost of keeping these cameras running is believed to be around 20 million per year and over the pa st decade. Over 200 Million has been spent on CCTV cameras in London only. The shocking factor that comes to mind is that this study was just based within the city of London. The total bulge sum of the whole nation would be signifi stubtly higher which is paid out from the taxpayers money. Another research carried out by London Evening Standards showed that up to 90 per cent of CCTV installations fail to comply with the Information Commissioners UK CCTV code of practice, yet they are s till there keeping a watch over the city. Obviously the reason given for this was to dominate crimes and vandalism across the nation, however as years passed. The cameras installed came to be used as trackers and to keep an eye on any suspicious characters within the society. Parker said that any average working men would be seen by over 300 cameras a day in any big city in the United Kingdom. Stated example of someone leaving home in the morning for work till they get back home in the horizonta ling is being used to support Parkers example. But it doesnt stop there, after being at home, any activities such as talking on the surround or surfing the web on the laptop or ready phone would carry on being surveillance. This can be due to the security of the nation but knowing of being innocent and still being watched 24/7 would just feel wrong.It is claimed that surveillance is there for security to reduce crime, to keep a watch over public places and for safer working environment in work places, it is there to keep track of a criminal or suspects or even to capture a crime-taking place. Nevertheless, as much as CCTV care claims to bring reduction to crime levels, there has not been definite evidence to support such claims. The reduction is there but may not be as high as claimed because it is easy to move out of cumulation of the unforgiving eye, and according to Professor Ditton of the Scottish Centre for criminology closed CCTV camera remains in town and city centres p ut up failed to match their anti-crime expectations (Parker, 2000).The term for surveillance being everywhere is known as Routine surveillance which is a part of residential areas, schools, road traffic, car park and petrol stations, telephone booth and cash machines, railway stations, retail and commercial, hospitals, stadiums and police surveillance (Norris and Armstrong, 1999). Generally, Being under surveillance and being under watch would create unsecure feeling for any individual but Parker stated that 72% of the people do not object but parker did not fail to mention that the same amount of public are worried that the cameras could easily be abused in the hands of the wrong people(Parker, 2000). A very notorious example of CCTV Technology being misused happened in London outside Harvey Nicholls store. The cameras are designed to go in close to hold on suspicious characters and shoplifters but in this case, it was used to look closely at Lady Diana, Princess of Wales. The ope rator captured the footage while Lady Diana was leaving the store and the tape ascertained later in a desk drawer. The footage was a close up shot of her appealing figure and the operator was lingering over her for around over a minute (Norris Armstrong). Such events like this would remind the society that the CCTV may be there for a good reason but its operator can never be trusted with all that power and reach. It is said in many comic books and movies that with great power, comes great responsibility (Spiderman, 2002 Stan Lee), and its events as such that discourages the society towards the idea of CCTV. Parker in Total Surveillance, 2000 has given many other similar examples.CCTV is widely discouraged however events such as Last moments of Lady Diana, Princess of Wales were captured by CCTV has touch the attitudes and encouraged the belief of CCTV surveillance not be a bad thing after all. Small 2-minute footage of Lady Dianas last moments was uploaded on You pipage (Probabl y the biggest social Self Broadcasting website in the world) roughly in 2008. The footage has then been watched all over and across the world and showed on the news channels on TV. You Tube itself has had almost 300,000 views in less than two years of its upload date. When such tragic things happen to anyone, the footage that is recorded by the near CCTV camera becomes the last origination of that persons moments. The footage can then be looked at and analysed by the police for investigation to bring justice, but the same footage can also be the last sight of that person to be seen by their family. CCTV Surveillance first discovered in early nineteenth century (Holtzman, 2006) but since then, it has gone through a vast amount of improvements as seen in todays CCTV cameras and systems. CCTVs were mainly used by military and army forces but it was later on when CCTV make its entry within workplaces. It wasnt till later when administration decided to introduce them to keep an eye on society and public. In 2000, more than half of the UK workforce was being monitored at the highest levels, even places like rest rooms, cafe area and restaurants that are far outdoor(a) from the actual working area were under watch. Workplaces came under surveillance for many reasons such as to protect the premises from vandalism, theft, drugs and physical abuse towards other employees and also to keep an eye on all the employees working to enable the employer to see what they are doing. Such environment and atmosphere can be illustrated as untrustworthy environment where there would be no such thing as trust. posterior after CCTV, other surveillance techniques came within the working force, techniques such as e-mail scanning, tapping telephone conversations, voic email and computer file scanning, unseen Desktop surveillance that records individual workstation activities. If that was not already enough, companies started installing software to keep track of the internet usage by every individual employee. It would gather information such as websites visited, time spent on each website and the same would go for telephone conversations to what number and for how long. According to Parker, the reason organisations gave for taking away the remaining personal quadruplet while at work fell into following four categoriesTo ensure employee health, galosh and protection (from abuse or violence)To guard against theft of goods, information and shift secretsTo monitor employees performance, attitude and demeanourTo gather evidence in support of court action arising out of any of the above three reasons.CommunicationThe email scanning and conference surveillance came into action because information was being transmitted through emails, faxes and phone calls. Important documents started going missing and eventually it became efficient to have such systems available on workplaces for the good of the business. Such systems were first installed by banks and building soc ieties due to their assets of information contained within about their customers. If such information was to end up in wrong hands then the company would have to pay the liability and to avoid being in such situations, companies took drastic measures. A very recent catastrophic event occurred on November 2009 within a leading mobile phone company T-Mobile, where an employee stole vital customers info and exchange it to rival networks in UK the Guardian newspaper stated this even as Employee Data Theft Leads To U.K.s Largest Data Breach The employee sold millions of customer records to data brokers. It is events and crimes as such committed by few people in society that leads to generation of new laws. Laws today states that every organisation (big or small) is required to keep a record of CCTV and communication surveillance to and from business for minimum of 12 months in case of further requirement by officials and government authorities as evidence if required, (Lyon, 2002). It is acceptable that the entire span of communication is under surveillance for national security to locate and track any stimulateed threats but it is believed that almost 98% of communication made across the work is personal and private without conflicting any threat and it is only that 2% of communication that may possess a threat to the national security but that is maybe if not due to misunderstanding.All the factors about communication surveillance are part of workplace surveillance and the mostly monitored factor would be electronic mail surveillance within workplaces. But added factors such as ID Cards and Biometric Surveillance are also part of workplace surveillance which tends to affect the privacy issues. Information about every employee that works at the firm would have to give their biometric details to their employer. This varies from leaf prints, eye retina scan, internal nerve scan, palm scan and further more if the firm is working with higher valued assets and crit ical information. This is for the sake of security of both the firms assets and employees. But having the control of the surveillance systems could determine the power relations in the workplace which could lead to being blackmailed and kept under pressure for the mistakes made. It is an advantage for having a system in place but it could be used for many other purposes such as finding out details about someone without being authorised.Factors about CCTV SurveillanceA very well illustrated study carried out in the United States of America by Norris and Armstrong has showed and produced many different approaches made towards the surveillance of society. As people are being surveillance, they are being split into categories and Clive has shown them in very well illustrated tables in Chapter 6 of The Maximum Surveillance Society The Rise of CCTV. As technology became more advance, the reach of CCTV went further which caused the split in public being watched over. Operators started conc entrating on certain types of people within the society. Certain types of people were being watched over more than others. This could be due to the age, sex, attitude, attire or even skin colour. In Clives research, it is shown that only 35% of unclouded people were being surveillance for no translucent reason where as 68% of black population was being watched over for no obvious reason. It is main factors like such and the cost of keeping the systems running that tends to cause implications within the society and public.SpyBeing looked over all the time would conceive sum of personal space and privacy being invaded while conserving any remaining personal space for socialising. As much as one wants a slender bit of privacy, it would be hard to get in todays informatics age. Every aspect and portable technology that public carries around such as mobile phones and portable computers are linked to the global network which can be or is being monitored and analysed 24/7. A very recen tly discovered grass base in North Yorkshire THE MENWITH HILL SITE is known to be the biggest spy base in the world, it belongs to the Americans but very little is known about what happens at the base and what is being looked after. In a documentary Counterblast The death of Privacy in 2000 on BBC2 by Simon Davies. Davies discovered that all form of communication made (in the UK or the World is yet unknown) passes through the Menwith Hill after being analysed by computer for suspicious content. The same is believed today as very little is known about it but it is certain that there are dozens of comparable sites across the world that carries out such procedures for national security. (MI5, MI6 and any intelligence institutes are all categorised under SPY)Other SurveillancesAs the technology improved further over the years, the government had installed Auto Recognition software system features in most CCTV cameras across the nation, term today known as face recognition and other re cognition type such as tour plate recognition on roads. The government had to pay a little price for implementing this features but it is the public that had to pay the bigger price for taking away their own privacy. Hence the system would help them keep track of anyone travelling from one point to another. The technology was developed to be used for public safety but now it has been prioritised towards the national security so public is being watched and analysed to look for any threats possessed.Technology is now advancing onto implementation of a little wile into human body that would carry every single detail about an individual. It would contain the financial data, health record and all the other details. This device has been tested and is already being used few countries and clubs (You tube) and not so long till it becomes essential requirement for everyone in the society.ConclusionIt is fairly obvious to guess where the world is going with surveillance, the legislations, la ws, and government are only adding to whats already there without realising that whatever there is, it is quiet enough. At the rate the CCTV Surveillance is captureing, it can be predicted that there will be a time where public will not go unnoticed by the watchful eyes of government and authorities. This is only going to cost more to the society and it will be the society that will have to pay the government to add the discomfort to the social lives. Government have to pay lower price for such implementation of technology and systems but it is the public that have to pay back twice as much by letting their personal privacy being taken away from them, which is the price that public pays. The more systems are being implemented, the more data gets stored and the information asset gets bigger by day, which if falls in wrong hands then the damage could be unimaginable.The surveillance is always going to grow further with new technology and features and it is that particular idea of hav ing the power that spoils even the nicest of human being intentions. It would be very hard to trust the reach and control of these systems but if safety is needed and required in society then these are the factors that have to be accepted without any exceptions. The answers are there but its up to the society if whether or not they want some of the privacy or nothing at all. Complete safety and no privacy or a little bit of both.REFERENCESDavies, S. (2000) Counterblast The death of privacy, BBC2Holtzman, D.H. (2002) Privacy Lost, How technology is endangering your privacy Hosein, G. (2004) Privacy and or as FreedomIntrona, L.D. (2000) Workplace Surveillance, Privacy and Distributive Justice,Computers and Society. University of Lancaster, UKLyon D. (2003) Surveillance as Social Sorting (Privacy, Risk and Digital Discrimination)Lyon, D. (2002) EVERYDAY SURVEILLANCE, Personal data and social classificationsQueens University, Kingston, Ontario, CanadaNorris, C. and Armstrong, G. (2000). The Maximum Surveillance Society. The Rise of CCTVParker, D. (2000) Total Surveillance (Investigating the BIG Brother world of E-Spies, Eavesdropping and CCTV)Rule, J. (1973), Private Lives and Public Surveillance.THE GUARDIAN NEWSPAPER WEBPAGE (2009)T-Mobile confirms biggest phone customer data breach WWWAvailable fromhttp//www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/nov/17/t-mobile-phone-data-privacyTHIS IS LONDON (2007) more or less CCTV cameras are illegal, watchdog claims WWWAvailable fromnews/article-23398834-most-cctv-cameras-are-illegal-watchdog-claims.doTHIS IS LONDON (2007) Tens of thousands of CCTV cameras, yet 80% of crime unsolved WWWAvailable fromnews/article-23412867-tens-of-thousands-of-cctv-cameras-yet-80-of-crime-unsolved.do

Dealing With Challenging Behaviour Education Essay

Dealing With Challenging Behaviour Education EssayThe Case of boy A boys A, along with his friends fight inside and outside of school, and atomic number 18 involved in binge drinking and other nuisance doings inwardly the community. He migrates betwixt his two separated parents. He is not given adequate boundaries or supervision. The mother has stated to the school and local community substantiate officers that she is unable to assert him. His inning teacher believes that other agencies should be involved. other teachers are threatening not to teach him. He is described as a disruptive shaver with demeanoral problems that affect the rest of the class. His grades are below average and his tending poor. The police are aware of him, although no charges have been brought. Residents have campaigned to have his family evicted out-of-pocket to his anti- friendly behaviour.1.2 IntroductionThe local council has commissioned this report and its aim is to explore a range of strate gies to better deal with ambitious behaviour of the type exhibited by Boy A. Initially the report shall seek a definition of the term challenging behaviour. Then shall endeavour to meet its aims through an analysis of a range of breathing efforts employed by various agencies, whilst discussing how they might be relevant to our case study, and by extension to challenging behaviour in the wider context.1.3 Challenging Behaviour A DefinitionEmerson (20013) has defined the term thusCulturally abnormal behaviour of suchthat the physical safety of the person or othersis give carely to be put in serious jeopardy, or behaviour whichis likely to seriously limit use of, or result in the personbeing denied access to, public community facilitiesWhilst this would perhaps serve to define the behaviour of Boy A, it loafernot patron us explain its causes. This report shall explore the aspects of his life that may cause this behaviour, and the strategies that can challenge that behaviour.2.1 Challenging Behaviour in a School SettingThe 2005 Ofsted report, Managing Challenging Behaviour analysed anaccount of behaviour in schools based on home(a) evidence (Ofsted, 20053), the main type of which was the persistent, low level disruption of lessons that interrupts learning (Ofsted, 20054). Acts of verbal or physical abuse aimed at peers were found in the bulk of schools, whilst abuse aimed at teachers was less common. Acts of extreme violence were very rare and mostly directed at fellow bookmans.The average percentage of primary schools, where behaviour is rated as acceptable or better stands at 85.3% for primary schools, but only 73.3% for secondary schools. A reason for this is given by Emerson, (200124) who states that the prevalence of challenging behaviour appears to increase during childhood, reaching a peak during the age range 15-34.Exclusions from all schools dropped from 11,181 in 93/94, to 9,290 by 2002/03, showing perhaps that schools are dealing with challe nging behaviour in more proactive ways. However, studies have shown that some schools operate a policy of backdoor exclusions, whereby a disruptive childs parents are offered the chance to graft that child to another school, hence keeping the schools exclusion rate artificially low (Wright Weekes, 2000). Arguably, this policy is growing in popularity, warping the figures.Boys are more likely to be disruptive than girls all through education. Often disruptive pupils joined the school late in a school year and struggle to form relationships with pupils and staff. M whatsoever(prenominal) are in care or from troubled families. Significant numbers have irregular attendance causing disruption to learning and the instruction of relationships. A third of pupils with behavioural difficulties in secondary schools have special educational needs.2.2 Effective Strategies That Challenge BehaviourThe Ofsted report highlights strategies taken by schools to take in charge challenging behaviour .Behavioural policies that set out expectations consistently and fairly are more effective at challenging behaviour. McNamara Moreton (2001) further this by advocating the use of pupil devised classroom charters. These are seen by the authors to be especially beneficial to pupils with behavioural difficulties such as Boy A, arguably because they have the effect of encouraging good behaviour through peer pressure.The reinforcement of good behaviour. Behaviourists suggest that teachers should identify confirmatory behaviourby the pupil and reward this behaviour (McNamara Moreton, 200131). This may be beneficial to pupils like Boy A, who can perhaps feel victimised by staff who constantly highlight their negative behaviour.Multi-agency approaches, involving educational welfare officers, social workers, psychologists and others if required (General Teaching Council for England, 2007) are essential. This can be achieved through Behaviour and Educational Support Teams (BESTs), where t eams of professionals are given a mandate in a school to tackle challenging behaviour. A recent government report found that for schools participating with BESTs there was an increase in attendance and a decline in fixed time exclusions (DfES, 2005). However according to the Ofsted (200521)report there appears to be a reluctance by schools and/or LEAs to use this multi-agency model, with only half of schools having a satisfactory relationship with key agencies such as social and health services.3.1 Boy A Effective StrategiesLearning mentors work within schools to coordinate activities to support students with behaviourial problems (General Teaching Council For England 2007). This could arguably give Boy A the degree of supervision in his education missing from his disjointed home life, whilst improving his irregular attendance (absenteeism being within their remit).Family therapy sessions and parenting courses can equip parents with skills for improving the behaviour of their child (ibid, 2007). Boy As mother has stated that she is unable to control him, so help such as this could be an step towards challenging his behaviour through improved parenting.Taking pupils like Boy A out of the school surround and placing them into a centre where less emphasis is put on academic achievement could arguably help those such as Boy A. It could also be a way of avoiding excluding pupils, which may only serve to further label them as unmanageable. These centres, whilst still teaching the core of the curriculum, also have lessons on inebriant/drug awareness and citizenship, as well as a provision for training programmes (ibid, 2007).4.1 The CJS Approach to Challenging or Offending BehaviourCrime and ail Act 1998 (CDA 1998) Established the Youth Justice Board (YJB) and Youth Offending Teams (YOTs), and measures aimed at curbing youth offending such as anti-social behaviour orders (ASBOs), parenting orders and curfew orders for the on a lower floor 10s.Youth Justice and C riminal Evidence Act 1999 (YJCEA 1999) Established the referral order, whereby offenders aged 10-17 who p head for the hills guilty to a first time offence are referred to a YOT.Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA 2001) Further extended the remit of curfew orders to apply to under 16s, or to a specific area rather than any individual.(Crawford Newburn, 2003)These acts of legislation form the basis of the new youth justice reforms of the then Labour government, whose aim were to shift resources away from processing young offenders, to preventing them from offending in the first place (Crawford Newburn, 2003). The advent of YOTs, which a youth can be referred to if they plead guilty to a first time offence, has come in for common praise from most quarters (NACRO, 2002). Their aim is to divert youths away from the formal CJS and into a setting more focussed on behavioural intervention than punishment. Offenders are expected to participate in a program of rehabilitation feat uring a strong element of reparation, that also deals with the causal risk factors of further potential offending. Other behavioural strategies such as ASBOs have been widely criticised for contributing to a policy of social exclusion that disregards the rights ofyoung people (Burnett Appleton, 200449).4.2 Youth Offending Strategies within the CJSThis section shall discuss the options that are theoretically open to the CJS in dealing with behaviour such as Boy As.Parenting orders can be given if a child truants, offends or is subject to an ASBO. Parents are required by law to attend guidance sessions, and fulfill any conditions attached to an order, such as attending meetings with teachers or ensuring that their child is properly supervised (Youth Justice Board, nd). This intervention could arguably help Boy A and others in his position given that he receives no meaningful supervision from his parents. Such guidance, although forced onto his parents, could potentially help them res olve the parenting problems that potentially affect their sons behaviour. These orders have been criticised by authors such as Arthur (2005), who believes that resources should be allocated former in lives such as Boy As to prevent them engaging in challenging/offending behaviour in the first place.Curfew orders give the administration the power to impose a time at which under 16s should be home. Their aim is to defend communities from anti-social behaviour and to protect children (BBC online, 2001). Arguably this may help Boy A and others, if only by keeping them off the streets at inappropriate times. However it is possible that attempting to block the childs goal of going out, would only serve to rile him/her into further expressing challenging behaviour aimed at those around them. This would be in line with the psychologically derived drive theory (Dollard Miller et al, 1939).ASBOSs carry a polished burden of proof, and are designed to protect against any aggressive, intimi dating or destructive activity that damages another persons quality of life (Home Office, 2010). If breached they can engender a deplorable matter worthy of up to five years imprisonment. They have been criticised as an unacceptable blurring of legal lines, which only serve to criminalise children for non-criminal behaviour (The Guardian website, 2009).5.1 Theoretical Explanations of Youth Offending BehaviourIt is known that Boy A migrates between his separated parents, depending on who he has fallen out with. near theorists have concluded that conflicts such as this between parent and child contribute to the risk of offending by the affected child. Healy Bronner (1936), working under the psychoanalytical umbrella, applied the idea of sublimation (the channelling of unacceptable impulses) to offending behaviour. This is where a child suffers dissatisfaction from a failure to experience strong emotional ties with a parent, which then manifests itself in ungodliness such as Boy A s.Labelling theory would argue it is those who hold positions of social power (such as teachers and arguably neighbours), that determine who is labelled as nuisance/anti-social/criminal (Hollin, 1989). Gove (1975, cited in Hollin, 1989) contests a consequence of labelling is that of stigmatisation, where the public attitude of condemnation creating social exclusion of the individual. This may in turn create a modification of self-image, where a person starts to believe societys condemnation and modifies their self-image so as to match the label, thus creating further risk of offending. This may apply to those in the same position as Boy A, who when surrounded by condemnation by those in apparently superior social positions (teachers/neighbours), merely become the label.ConclusionIt is this reports view that proactive behavioural strategies, that have the welfare of the child at heart offer the best chance to challenge the types of behaviour shown by those such as Boy A. excited pol icies such as ASBOs are not concerned with why a child is acting anti-socially, only that the behaviour should end. This may inevitably lead to a breach of an order and potential criminal sanctions (with all the problems such as future employability this has), as surely there is no hope for an end until the factors that lead to the ASB (Boy As tumultuous home life) are dealt with.S.2.1 shows that a childs behavioural difficulties increase the further they advance into their teenage years. It would therefore be easy to say that the majority of resources should be targeted at this age group. However it is this reports view that intervention strategies should be targeted at children as young as possible, as surely this increase in challenging behaviour exhibited by older children can be put down to a behavioural snowball effect, caused by it not being challenged primordial enough.This report believes that behavioural strategies that work on a broader school level (s.2.2), are desirabl e to the more individualistic strategies(3.1) discussed. This is because they attach no stigma to any individual child, and in some cases, such as with classroom charters can even be self-policed through the exertion of peer pressure. It is obvious that in a few cases a childs behaviour (arguably Boy As) is such, that it should be dealt with in isolation of the others. This should be done in as sensitive a manner as possible, so as to minimise both the feeling of the child being picked on by staff, or for his peers, the feeling that he is receiving extra attention.For Boy A and others, an escalation in behavioural problems would lead them into the realm of the Youth Justice System, dealt with in s.4.12. Overall, the new youth justice reforms of the previous government have had a positive impact on dealing with challenging/offending behaviour. Due to their welfarist approach to troubled youths, YOTs are particularly welcomed by this report, and may offer those like Boy A a final oppo rtunity to reform before being passed to the more formal CJS.

Guyana v. Suriname Analysis

Guyana v. Suriname AnalysisFay-Anne R. HerodCASE BRIEFTHE VOTE a unanimous vote by altogether five judges H.E. Judge L. Dolliver M. Nelson President, Professor doubting Thomas M. Franck, Dr. Kamal Hossain, Professor Ivan Shearer, and Professor Hans Smit.THE FACTS Guyana gained independence from Great Britain May 26, 1966, and ratify the 1982 joined Nations Convention on the constabulary of the Sea (UNCLOS) November 16, 1993. Suriname gained independence November 25, 1975, from the Netherlands and ratify the UNCLOS on July 9, 1998.1The Parties, Guyana and Suriname are situated on the northeast coast of the South American continent with their coastlines adjacent and meeting at or near the mouth of the Corentyne River.2In 1799 the land molding among Suriname and Guyana was agreed to by colonial authorities to run on the due west brim of the Corentyne River.3 In 1936 a Mixed Boundary equip fixed the northern end of the border at a particular point on the west bank of the Corentyn e River, near the mouth, a point then referred to as Point 61 or the 1936 Point- the British and Dutch commission dissolved that the naval limit point in the territorial sea should be fixed at an azimuth of N10E from point 61 to the limit of the territorial sea.4Guyana advocates using the equidistance method for nautical margin after obtaining independence, which resulted in a line following an azimuth of N34 E, whereas Surinames position was that the mari conviction boundary was to follow the N10line. The state overlapping claims were about 31 600 km.5In 1989, then presidents of twain(prenominal) parties agreed that modalities for sound out utilization of the border area should be established pending settlement of the border.6 Furthermore, a 1989 promise led to a 1991 Memorandum of Understanding Modalities for Treatment of the Offshore Area of Overlap mingled with Guyana and Suriname (the 1991 MOU), if translators of both governments would meet inside 30 days to conclud e discussions on the modalities for joint utilization of the argufyd area.7 The 1991 MOU was never implemented by Suriname, and the negotiations on joint utilization did not progress any further.8 During MOU period, Guyana issued several concessions for rock petroleum exploration in the repugnd area.In 1999, CGX Resources Incorporated (a Canadian oil and flub company that holds three licenses in the Guyana v. Suriname Basin) arranged for seismic testing to be per spirted over the entire concession area, involving searching recitaling on the seabed, and the drilling plans became known to Suriname government.On May 11 31 2000, Suriname government, through diplomatic carry requested Guyana to cease all oil exploration activities in disputed area. On June 3, 2000, two Surinamese navy patrol boats approached CGXs oil rig and drill ships, the C.E. Thornton, and tenacious the crew and ship to leave the area within 12 hours, otherwise, the consequences would be theirs.9PROCEDURAL H ISTORY On February 24, 2004, Guyana initiated arbitration proceedings by way of a Notification and Statement of Claim much(prenominal)1.) concerning the molding of its oceanic boundary with Suriname, alleging breaches of international equity by Suriname in disputed maritime territory consistent to Articles 286 and 287 of the 1982 United Nations Conventions on the police of the Seas (the convention) and in accordance with join on septet to the convention.102.) Claiming that the Parties are deemed to have accepted arbitration in accordance with affix VII of the Convention by operation of Article 287(3) since incomplete Party had propose a declaration pursuant to Article 287(1) of the Convention regarding their choice of compulsory procedures, and that neither Party had made a declaration in accordance with Article 298 regarding optional exceptions to the applicability of the compulsory procedures provided for in Section 2. And,3.) Further, appointed Professor Thomas Franc k as a member of the Arbitral Tribunal in accordance with Article 3(b) of wing VII.11Hereinafter, on March 23, 2004 Suriname in its Notification on a lower floor Annex VII, Article 3(c) of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNCLOS Regarding Appointment to the Arbitral Tribunal with Reservation, appointed Professor Hans Smit in accordance with Article 3(c) of Annex VII, but reserved its right to present its views about jurisdiction and any other preliminary matters to the full Arbitral Tribunal when in is constituted.12On June 15, 2004, by joint letter to the Secretary-General of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) the Parties noted that they had agreed to the appointment of the remaining three members of the Tribunal in accordance with Article 3(b) of Annex VIII.13LEGAL ISSUES AT STATE there are two legal issue1) whether claim of un lawfulnessful terror or handling of force taken by Suriname is implicit in international laws, such actions not a law enforcemen t activity but a threat of use of force is in contravention of UNCLOS, the Charter of the United Nations and general international law in international law force, may not be used in law enforcement activities provided such for is unavoidable, reasonable and necessary, reasonable and necessary.2) and whether the claim that action breached international laws constituted a countermeasure precluding wrongfulness not accepted, countermeasures may not involve the use of force. relevant INTERNATIONAL LAWS United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Seas (UNCLOS), adopted December 10, 1982, an international treaty to regu belatedly the use of the worlds ocean areas, and all uses of the seas and all its resources.141. State compact under article 74(3) and 83(3) of the UNCLOS to make every drift to picture provisional arrangements duty to negotiate in good faith to make every front to reach such agreements. And,2. State Obligation under article 74(3) and 83(3) of UNCLOS to make every parkway not to jeopardize or bail the reaching of lowest agreement unilateral activity that might affect the other partys rights in a permanent manner not permissible distinction drawn between activities leading to a permanent physical change such as exploitation of oil and gas reserves, and those that do not, such as seismic exploration.15THE finale the tribunal awarded declaratory relief,1) declares that violations of the Convention have taken place, in certain circumstances, reparation in the form of satisfaction may be provided by a judicial declaration that there has been a violation of a right or an tariff. And,2) declares that the parties violated their obligations under articles 74(3) and 83(3) of the Convention to make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical disposition. Furthermore, the parties violated their obligations, also under articles 74(3) and 83(3) of the Convention, to make every effort not to jeopardize or hamper the reaching of a final delimitation agreement.16In addition, 3) jurisdiction holds it has competence to delimit, by the drawing of a single maritime boundary, the territorial sea, continental shelf, and exclusive economic partition off appertaining to each of the parties in the waters where their claims to these maritime zones overlap to cast and rule on Guyanas allegation that Suriname has engaged in the unlawful use or threat of force contrary to the Convention, the UN Charter, and general international law and to consider and rule on the parties respective claims under articles 74(3) and 83(3) of the Convention relating to the obligation to make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature and the obligation not to jeopardise or hamper the reaching of a final agreement.REASONING 1)The world-wide Maritime Boundary between the parties is a series of geodetic lines joining the points in the order listed as set forth in the award2) the elision from the disputed area of the CGX oil rig and drill ship C.E. Thornton by Suriname on 3 June 2000 constituted a threat of the use of force in breach of the Convention, the UN Charter, and general international law however, for a reason specified in the award, Guyanas request for an order precluding Suriname from making further threats of force and Guyanas claim for remuneration are rejected3) both parties violated their obligation under articles 74(3), and 83(3) of the Convention to (first) make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature and to ( min) do everything possible not to jeopardise or hamper the reaching of a final delimitation agreement and claims inconsistent with award were rejected.17ANALYSIS initiationFor decades, neighboring countries have struggled to reach an amicable solution in resolving matters relating to the limitations of the High Seas, all parts of the sea that are not included in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a state.18As well a s the high seas freedoms such as navigation overflight fishing to adjust submarine cables and pipelines to construct artificial islands, installations and structures and scientific research.19 Per Louis B. Sohn20, et al., the first four freedoms are expressly mentioned in Article 2 of the 1958 High Sea Convention21 whereas the inhabit two were added in Article 87(1) of the LOS Convention.22 Particularly, matters of potentially very high capital gain. Another thing to remember is that conflicts and/or disputes with respect to the two major wars WWI and WWII were a direct result of unresolved matters that could not be solved by diplomatic negotiations. Conflicts arising from the highs seas are no different, especially with natural resources, not to mention resources such as oil, gas, and hydrocarbon. Factually, these commodities are in very high demand in relation to the economic stability of developed and even growing countries. Consequently, in the late 1960s the world was faced with a nightmare of conflicts over maritime rights.23 Not only did different views arise between developed and developing countries, coastal and land-locked states, and large and small maritime powers, but also within those groups.24Scholars suggest that this, of course, breed its own problems and since the close of WWII and the end of European Empire, there have been a growing number of boundary disputes, particularly between states.25 In other words, nothing can more epitomize this than the realm of upstream oil and gas maturements, where particularly in recent times, glittering prices of $100 a barrel await those who can maximize their hydrocarbon production.26 As time change, disputes became more and more challenging. In the twentieth century, the international law codification movement addressed both international and new law of the sea issues.27 The League of Nations in 1930 and then the United Nations, UN in its 1958 and 1960 First and Second UN conferences on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1 and UNCLOS 2) tried to solve the recurrent issue of the breadth of the territorial sea under the control of the coastal state, to no avail.28 The only logical solution was the establishment of a new international legal regime, a code of international law of the oceans. Therefore, the states arranged for the Third United Nations Law of the Sea conference (UNCLOS III) and over a period of nine years 1973-1982, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was birth and set out the rights and responsibilities of coastal states and other states.29The following paper will examine the tribunal conclusion, between the Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname (Guyana v. Suriname, 2007) arbitral case, after hearing awarded September 17, 2007. solely before the following paper seeks to explore the courts decision on Surinamese action which constituted a threat of the use of force, and the threat of the use of force was not justified on the first and encoura ge states obligations. It is important to point out from the outset that the decision is commendable and a progression, however, it did not provide clear guidance on its interpretations or what it meant by state practice. To analysis the decision, this paper is divided into three sections to examine the issues first, historical events up to arbitration secondly, the tribunal decision on states first obligation and the reasoning in the international legal framework and third, the court ruling on the second states obligation, logic and what it agency for further disputes on international laws. For concision, the following paper will consolidate its conclusion with a focus on the tribunal decision in general international law with associated cases.Historical events leading up arbitrationSince the establishment of the UNCLOS, 1982, proponents of the law of the seas have noted that there are an increase number of disputes being fuelled by the discovery of hydrocarbons on or near a claim ed boundary line.30 Per Roughton, indeed the United Nations noted in 2001 that 100 maritime boundary delimitations throughout the world still await some form of a resolution by peaceful means and by 2006, that figure had increase to some 220 potential maritime boundary disputes, which must exclude boundary disputes on land.31 At that time, the tribunal had already awarded in the case of Barbados and Trinidad Tobago while at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), 2007 and Nicaragua and Columbia (Nicaragua v. Columbia) in December of the same year, on territorial sea and maritime delimitation disputes.32The evidence through documentation submitted to the tribunal for the dispute between Guyana v. Suriname, 2007, on the maritime boundary line proves that many factors are leading up to the dispute going back to colonization which has a direct link to the arbitration. But the most important factor is perhaps the economic factor. In this regard, the significance of oil and gas reserves should not be understated as in many disputed areas which often involve oil and natural gas resources.33 lawful documentation pointed out the origin of the conflict between the parties stretch back to a 1799 border agreement and the inability, of the Dutch and British colonial authorities in the 1930s to define the boundaries between the parties with greater precision.34 Following the independence of both states and the granting of offshore oil concessions in a disputed area of the sea, where the Corentyne River flows into the Atlantic Ocean, matters came to a halt in June 2000, specifically for sovereignty over the territorial sea, Continental Shelf, and EEZ.35This is an interesting point to note, that prior as well, colonial authorities for the parties had agreed for the border to run along the west bank of the Corentyne River to enable the Netherlands (for Suriname) to exercise supervision of all traf fic in the river. Additionally, in 1936 a Mixed Border Commission (agreement) between the parties fixed the northern end of the border at a particular point on the west bank, near the mouth of the Corentyne River. Taken together, during this time, this area is considered a disputed area (title belong to neither of the parties) yet they worked together and jointly shared the area. Since, the traffic during this time on the seas was mainly for navigating, transporting citizens between both countries, and fishing. Hence, from the early times when sailors and fishermen first ventured into the sea, two principles traditionally governed the law of the sea the right of the coastal state to control a narrow strip along the coast and the freedoms of navigation and fishing in the high seas beyond the coastal area.36 This comment supports the overall argument in this section that the parties interest at the time was navigating and fisheries, so peaceful arrangements were possible. However, a d ifferent approach ensued with the drilling company for possibly discovering oil, gas, and hydrocarbon.On the first obligation was there every effort made by both sides?Under UNCLOS with regards to the nature and the rights and obligations impose under international law for article 74(3) and 83(3) provides as follows, in sum pending agreement (of delimitation of the EEZ or Continental Shelf), the States involved, in a spirit of understanding and co-operation, shall make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature and during this transitional period, not to jeopardise (risk, endanger, widen) or hamper (hinder) the reaching of the final agreement. Such arrangements shall be without prejudice to the final delimitation.37All the same, the two duties of cooperation and mutual restraint obligate on states party to the UNCLOS in relation to disputed maritime delimitations, as per Roughton, for some time there was no clear view as to the form in which any su ch cooperation might be mandated beyond the anodyne statement, but that States are simply required to negotiate in good faith provisional arrangements of a practical nature.38 This was to change from the Guyana v. Suriname case by what the UNCLOS meant in article 74(3) and 83(3), from the threat of the use of force by the Surname navy vessel against CGX resources undertaking exploratory work for Guyana which brought up the issue of sovereignty over the disputed area between the parties to be ruled on. The tribunal had to then consider the meaning and effects of article 74(3) and 83(3), so in its award/decision, it specified in its interpretation to that of both obligations simultaneously take on to promote and limit activities in a disputed maritime area.39 Which means in the first obligation is that pending a final delimitation, states parties are required to make every effort to enter provisional arrangements of a practical nature.40 That is, in turn to pave the way for provisio nal utilization of disputed areas pending delimitation. Parallel through its expose of the first obligation the tribunal implied to encourage the equitable and efficient use of the resources of the seas natural resources claimed by more than one state, subject always to the objectives of the second obligation, such activities do not affect the reaching of a final agreement.41Additionally, the tribunal appeared to have in mind the encouragement of arrangements for the joint exploration and exploitation of maritime resources as between the parties. Hence, using the decision by the ICJ in the North Sea Continental Shelf Cases to interpret the extent of the obligation to cooperate with the pre-UNCLOS regime. In that regard, the tribunal referenced the (then) recent UK-Norwegian Continental Shelf Agreement, and found that where there are overlapping claims, joint exploitation agreements were particularly appropriate when it is a straits of preserving the unity of deposit.42 Noteworthy t o mentioned, the parties have worked together without conflict up to 1990. By previous agreements as up to the attempt with the 1991 MOU which apparently if a representative of both governments would have met within the 30 days to conclude the discussion, but, Suriname never implemented, neither came forth to negotiate on joint utilization, which might have prevented this arbitration.This supports the argument that the dispute was driven by the possibility of discovering and the production of oil, gas, and hydrocarbon in the disputed area. The tribunal decision did not provide a clear interpretation to the practice of States in interpreting first obligation and offered guidance as to what extent it considered there to be a developing trend of customary law.43 For clarification, my understanding is perhaps within its linguistic process the tribunal was suggesting states to jointly share the exploitation and exploration of maritime boundaries if overlapping or in disputed areas. If s o, is there a regulation to rights, limits, and responsibilities for states not signed to the UNCLOS with other signed states and where neither state is signed? Likewise, the production, and revenue from the oil, gas, and hydrocarbon pending delimitation.On the other hand, successful joint utilization as a memorandum of understanding between Cambodia and Thailand made on 18 June 2001 under which both parties consider that it is desirable to enter into a provisional arrangement of a practical nature in relation to their overlapping claims in the Gulf of Thailand the allusion to Articles 74(3) and 83(3) could not be clearer neither party is contracting state under UNCLOS.44 But for this to be acceptable and recognized as customary international law both parties must consider two elements state practice and opiniojuris(not discussed in this paper) as was used and interpreted in the North Sea Continental Shelf case. However, per author Roughton joint development agreements have been co ncluded most famously between Malaysia and Thailand in 1990 and between Malaysia and Vietnam in 1992. As well as, the suite of an agreement entered by Australia with Indonesia and East Timor over the Timor Gap.45 For the overall argument of this paper is that a joint utilization in an international legal framework to solve such an issue should be taken up on a case-by-case basis. The language suggested by the tribunal should not pose a blanket of one-size fits all to resolve a disputed area conflict.Second state obligation not to jeopardize or hamper the reaching of a final agreementThe findings of the tribunal that both Guyana and Suriname violated their obligations under Articles 74(3) and 83(3) of UNCLOS, in its reasoning on the second obligation state parties must during that period of make every effort . not to jeopardize or hamper the reaching of final agreement, it was not mean to freeze all exploratory activities in a disputed maritime area in the absence of a provisional a rrangement. In this regard, it made a distinction between activities of the kind that lead to a permanent physical change in the marine environment and those that do not, such as seismic exploration while the former set of activities could be undertaken only jointly or by agreement between the parties, because such actions could be perceived to, or may genuinely, prejudice the position of the other party in the delimitation dispute, thereby both hampering and jeopardizing the reaching of a final agreement the latter class of activities in disputed waters would be permissible.46Based upon these theoretical analyses, the tribunal found that Suriname failed in its duty under Articles 74(3) and 83(3) noting that Suriname did not send a representative to conclude discussions on modalities for joint utilization of the disputed area, as contemplated by the 1991 MOU Suriname failed to respond to the draft of proposed Modalities for Treatment of the Offshore Area of Overlap between Guyana a nd Suriname submitted by Guyana in 1994.47 Particularly, placing emphasis in the build-up to the CGX incident, In order to satisfy its obligation to make every effort to reach provisional arrangements, Suriname would have actively had to attempt to bring Guyana to the negotiating table, or, at a minimum, have accepted Guyanas last minute 2 June 2000 invitation and negotiated in good faith.48 It notably could have insisted on the immediate consequence of CGXs exploratory drilling as a condition to participating in further talks.49 In light of this, Suriname believed that Guyanas authorization of its concession holder to undertake exploratory drilling in disputed waters constituted a violation of its obligation, and if bilateral negotiations failed to resolve the issue, Suriname should resort to the remedy provided for in the options for peaceful settlement envisaged by Part XV and Annex VII of the Convention, instead of opting for resorting to self-help in threatening CGX Resources. 50On the other hand, the Tribunal ruled that Guyana also violated its obligation to make every effort to enter provisional arrangements by its conduct leading up to the CGX incident, in that in a spirit of cooperation, informed Suriname directly of its plans, and the presentation in the press by way of CGXs public announcements was not sufficient for Guyana to meet its obligation. Besides, Guyana should have sought to engage Suriname in discussions concerning the drilling at a much earlier stage.51 Its 2 June 2000 invitation to Suriname to discuss the modalities of any drilling operations, although an attempt to defuse a tense situation, was also not sufficient to discharge Guyanas obligation under the LOS Convention.52 Being a tense situation already stemming from Surinames lack of participation to implementation of the MOU agreement, the assumption is that the last minute efforts made matters worse. In this regard, the commentary by the tribunal in this section supports the over all argument of this paper. It points out clearly that the focus or driving force behind the arbitration is the development of the potential equity, that is the discovery by CGX Resources undertakings for Guyana in the disputed drilling for possibly oil, gas and hydrocarbon. Both parties failed in the spirit of cooperation and restrained in relation to articles 74(3) and 83(3) states obligations. lastThe evidence listed above has supported the argument of this paper by proving that the dispute between Guyana v. Suriname was driven by factors of economic interest. Both parties failed in its obligations as Suriname contended in its defense that the measures it undertook on 3 June 2000 were of the nature of reasonable and proportionate law enforcement measures to preclude unauthorized drilling in a disputed area. While Guyana failed its for authorizing CGX Resources to drill in disputed area and not providing Suriname with sufficient notice of drilling activities.Although in internatio nal law, force may be used in law enforcement activities, it is only if such force is unavoidable, reasonable and necessary. But, the action mounted by Suriname deemed more akin to a threat of military action rather than a mere law enforcement activity, therefore, constituted a threat of the use of force in contravention of the UNCLOS, the UN Charter, and general international law. Moreover, the tribunal emphasized that peaceful means of addressing Guyanas alleged breach of international law with respect to exploratory drilling were available to Suriname under the UNCLOS.53 That is, a State faced with a such a dispute should resort to the compulsory procedures provided for in Section 2 of Part XV of the Convention, which provide, inter alia, where the urgency of the situation so requires, a State may request that ITLOS on prescribing provisional measures.54Above all, the tribunal provided clarification of the obligations to make every effort to enter provisional arrangements and not to jeopardize or hamper the reaching of a final delimitation agreement, and exert a significant influence on the mode of behavior of those states facing maritime delimitation disputes.55 However, it did not provide guidance when referred to the practice of States in interpreting first obligation neither offered guidance as to what extent (if any) it considered there be a developing trend of customary international law.56 For such as, if a boundary is fixed, but a reservoir straddling it exist, unitization is the pa

Choose 2 scenes in Twelfth Night and state how you would direct them Es

Choose 2 scenes in Twelfth Night and state how you would direct themChoose 2 scenes in Twelfth Night and state how you would direct them.Discuss some of the disputes you might face in directing the play toa young auditory sense.Being angiotensin converting enzyme of Shakespeares best romantic comedies, Twelfth Night hasbeen re-enacted many a times, be it during Elizabethan times, or in advanced(a) times. Although set in the Elizabethan era, Twelfth Night hasits charms. And indeed, it proves to be relevant and intimate to amodern audience, with its applicable themes and endearing characters.In directing a play of such mannerism, whiz would have to consider manyfactors affecting the overall effect of the play, and how it brings by its true message and intentions. Hence, I have chosen to directAct 3 Scene 1, as well as Act 2 Scene 3. The reasons why I have chosenthe above scenes, is so as in Act 2 Scene 3, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew,Maria and Feste portray a kind of platonic love, that c an be appliedto a modern audience. In addition, Malvolio is shown forth as thetypical puritan, who is the wet blanket for every party anddiscourages any kind of fun and disorder. This, hence, is alsoapplicable to a modern audience, as the audience see Malvolio as thekind of person everyone would dislike. Thus, later on, when Malvoliois plotted against, the audience can comprehend why. This scene isseen to be a comical one, where humour is the primary(prenominal) theme. Henceforth,Shakespeares theme of comedy still stands, despite later scenes ofseriousness.Act 3 Scene 1 is a scene where we can see Olivias desperate andintensifying infatuation for Viola pouring out uncontrollably. ThroughViolas focused and straightforward rejections, we once again senseher predicament due to her disguise, and also her devotion towards hertask and towards Orsino. On the other hand, the message is broughtforth that perhaps, woman arent always the ones waiting to be wooed.Olivia tries hard to get thr ough her goals (even when she fails), andgives a sense of stubbornness towards her love for Viola (Cesario).Therefore, I have chosen to direct these two scenes.Firstly, Act 2 Scene 4. For this scene, it could be summarized as acomic scene with Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Maria and Feste having funamongst them. Then, Malvolio, the puritan comes in, and spoils theirfun, insulting them a... ...ness, and brings forth the carefree tone of the play. Overall,this challenge still stands in the sense of wake Shakespearessee-saw method in its best light.Another challenge that I think I would face in directing this playwould be make the costumes fit the Elizabethan times, yet attractingthe modern audience and adding a personal touch to display the play ina way impressing to a modern audience, whom I believe like to watchplays which attract them at first glance. Hence, the clothing could bemodern cum Elizabethan, creating an interesting mix.Yet another challenge would be keeping the audience engag ed and havecontinued interest in the show, so as to bring the show to them fullyand meaningfully. This is important as if the audience cannot stayfocused, the overall effect may be affected. Hence, perhaps the actorscould engage the audience with eye contact and stand in such a way asto not have their backs face the audience (unless completelynecessary).All in all, directing the play of Twelfth Night to a modern audienceproves to be a challenging task, but possible with perseverance inkeeping the overall comedy-romantic genre of the play.

Bastard Out of Carolina Essay -- essays research papers

One of the most complex and elaborate characters in Bastard aside of Carolina by Dorothy Allison is atomic number 76. Throughout the story Bone has to live a smell where she thinks that she is the leading mystery of the trouble being caused. She has numerous unhappy situations and is in no way self-satisfied with herself. She doesnt appreciate who she is physically. She constantly thinks she is the most kinly and dull person who causes the most inconvenience in the family. This sense of selflessness is primarily due to the physical and sexual abuse brought upon by Daddy Glen, Bones stepfather. Unfortunately, the assaults were stretched out over a long period of time, leaving miniature chance for Bone to recover as an adult if any at all. I decided to take a more scientific approach to discussing Bones future as an adult. The most common disorders I feel Bone is likely to face are posttraumatic stress, cognitive distortions, emotional pain, and avoidance, an impaired sense of se lf and interpersonal difficulties. After finishing some research I concluded that Bone would most likely be diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. It entails enduring authorized psychological symptoms that occur in reaction to a highly distressing, psychically disruptive event. A diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires the occurrence of a traumatic event, as well as frequent experiencing of the event through nightmares or intrusive thoughts, a numbing of general responsiveness to, or avoidance of, authentic events, and persistent symptoms of increased arousal, such as jumpiness, sleep disturbance, or poor concentration. All of these occurrences are a result from the sexual abuse Bone was laboured to tolerate from Glen. Triggers of flashbacks include sexual stimuli or interactions, abusive behavior by other adults, disclosure of ones abuse experiences to others, and reading or seeing sexual or violent media depictions, all of which would more than likely be experienced throughout Bones adult life. Unfortunately all of these experiences are apart of life and in most cases faecest be avoided. Bone is obviously going to be exposed to such things, which could induce flashbacks.Without question Bone would match from cognitive distortions. As a result from the traumatic events throughout her life with Glen her assumptions and self-perceptions typically reflect an overestimation of the a... ...ren attempt self-destruction each year because they cant bear being abused any longer. Fortunately, Bone hasnt reached that point yet. Depending on the circumstances ahead in the future, I see suicide as a last resort. It is important to appreciate that these issues are very complex, and to be familiar with how abuse and neglect can affect various aspects of a persons life. Child abuse does not affect every person the same. The extremity of the abuse and different situations determine the effect. Some people could live on to father great people a nd do great things. They dont look at the abuse as something negative but rather as something that make them strong and made them believe that they were better and could do better than the situation that they were in. Dealing with abuse after it is over is the toughest thing to handle, most people that could apply therapy go to it, but since most people cant afford it they try to deal with it the best they can. Although in most cases the child is removed from the home that the abuse is happening in, sometimes child abuse can slip by unnoticed and that can have severe consequences on the child as well as others.